Summary: Cels191

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• 1 CELS191 module 1

• 1.1 Lecture Two : The Diversity of Life

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• Outline What are the characteristics that define Life and Explain them ?

  • CELLULAR ORGANIZATION : Contains membrane organelles that allow the cell to do its job.
    
  • REPRODUCTION : Offspring's arise from parents.
  • METABOLISM : The ability to store and release fuels.
  • HOMEOSTASIS : Maintain internal environment.
  • HEREDITY : Passing of genetic information.
  • RESPONSE TO STIMULI : Organisms sensitivity to change in environment.
  • GROWTH & DEVELOPMENT : Lifelong processes of physical and behavioral development.
  • ADAPTATION THROUGH EVOLUTION : Changes within a species over generations.

• What are the 4 requirements of Natural Selection in Shaping Life and Explain them ?

  • VARIATION : All individuals in a population vary from one another.
    
  • INHERITANCE : Parents pass on their traits to their offspring's.
  • SELECTION : Some variants reproduce more than others.
  • TIME : Successful variations accumulate over many generations.

• Outline What the Tree of Life is and Explain its key feature (Endosymbiosis) ?

  The tree of life is used to show how all life descends from a single ancestor.
  

  • ENDOSYMBIOSIS : The endosymbiosis theory states that two key organelles in eukaryotes are derived from bacteria.

  - Mitochondria are a result of endocytosis aerobic bacteria.
  - Chloroplasts are a result of endocytosis photosynthetic bacteria. 

• Explain What a Phylogenetic Tree represents ?

  A phylogenetic tree tells us how related organisms are based on the number of characteristics (DNA variations or physical characteristics) they share. 
  By doing this with a wide range of organisms we are able to put all known life into three domains.
  These domains are Bacteria, Eukarya and Archaea.  

• What are the Characteristics of Eukarya ?

  • They have a nuclear envelope and membrane-enclosed organelles.
    
  • They do not have peptidoglycan in cell walls.
  • They have linear chromosomes.
  • Can not grow in temperatures >100degrees.

• 1.2 Lecture Three : Building Blocks of Cells

• Explain What is a Biomolecule ?

  Biomolecules are molecules produced by a living organism. They break down and group into different orders, from simple to complex.

• Explain What is a Protein Macromolecule and Give examples and outline its function ?

  Proteins are polymers of Amino Acids. There are 20 different types of Amino Acids which are bonded together 
  

  • Examples : Collagen, Insulin , Actin and Myosin.

  Functions :
  - Structural support: Collagen is protein for skin and bone.
  - Regulatory : Insulin which is a peptide hormone.
  - Transport : Hemoglobin which carries oxygen throughout the body.

• Explain What a Nucleotide Macromolecule is and Give Examples and outline its function ?

  A nucleotide is composed of a phosphate group, a ribose sugar and a nitrogenous base.
  

  • Nucleic Acids are polymers of nucleotides.

  Functions :
  - Genetic code.
  - Recipe for life.
  - Transcript to mRNA and Translates to proteins.

• Explain What is a Lipid Macromolecule & Give examples and Outline its function ?

  Lipid macromolecules are different to other types of macromolecules because they are non-polymeric macromolecules.
  

  • Examples are Fatty Acids and Steroids.

  Functions :
  - Makes up part of the cells structural membrane.
  - Regulatory.
  - Energy. 

• Explain What are Carbohydrate Macromolecules, Give examples and its functions ?

  Carbohydrates are complex macromolecules. They are polymers of monosaccharides.
  

  • Examples are :

  Hexose mono …. Glucose, fructose and galactose
  Pentose mono …. Deoxyribose and ribose
  Disaccharides …. Sucrose, lactose and maltose
  Functions :
  - Cell recognition.
  - Energy.
  - Makes up the cell wall of plant cells which helps keep the cell structure together.