INV 5 - INV

17 important questions on INV 5 - INV

What type of intermolecular force is present in ammonia (NH₃)?

H-bonding

What is the behavior of particles in a solid state?

Particles vibrate in place - constant shape & volume - not compressible.

What is the behavior of particles in a liquid state?

Particles slide past each other - fluid; fills bottom of container - constant volume.
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What is the behavior of particles in a gas state?

Particles travel freely in straight lines & collides with walls; changing volume & shape, compressible.

What causes high surface tension in water?

High surface tension in water is due to H-bonds causing H2O molecules to stick together; forms beads.

Why does solid ice float on water?

Solid ice is less dense than liquid water so ice floats on water due to open crystal structure.

How do we know if a molecule is polar or not?

If the atoms surrounding the central atom are the same element, and there are no lone pairs on the central atom, it is nonpolar. Otherwise, it is polar.

What is the freezing/boiling point characteristic of water?

High f.p + b.p; more energy needed to overcome H-bonding IMFs.

What does the term "polarity" refer to in water molecules?

Water molecule is polar due to unequal sharing of e- and distribution of charges.

What is the electronegativity difference for a polar covalent bond?

EN DIFF BETWEEN 0.1 and 1.7 -----> polar covalent bond.

What is the Law of Conservation of Mass in a chemical reaction?

In a chemical rxn, mass is conserved (not created or destroyed).
total mass reactants = total mass products

What must be true for a single replacement reaction to occur?

Free element must be more reactive (above) the element it's replacing.

What are the solubility rules used for in double replacement reactions?

For DR to occur, both reactants must be (aq), one product must be (s) precipitate.

What are the rules for determining oxidation numbers?

  • The sum of the oxidation numbers in a compound is ZERO.
  • Free elements are ZERO; including diatomics.
  • The sum of the oxidation numbers of the atoms in a polyatomic ion is equal to the charge on the polyatomic ion.
  • Use the common charges we learned from the periodic table when the atom is isolated or bonded. Alkali Metals are +1, Alkaline Earth Metals are +2
  • Hydrogen is +1 (unless it is with a metal then it is -1)
  • Oxygen is -2 (except when in H₂O₂ then O is -1)

What is the general form of an acid-base neutralization reaction?

Ex: HA (aq) + BOH (aq) → BA (aq) + H2O (l)

What are single replacement reactions classified as in terms of oxidation and reduction?

Single replacement reactions will be oxidation and reduction reactions because a free element ox # must change its ox # to form a compound.

How are acids named when they contain a polyatomic ion?

  • Poly ion ending in -ate: Root anion + -ic acid
  • Poly ion ending in -ite: Root anion + -ous acid

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