Lecture title - Neoplasia: Environment and cancer
93 important questions on Lecture title - Neoplasia: Environment and cancer
What led to the decline in US cancer death rates since 1991?
What are the obesity-related cancers?
How does socioeconomic inequality affect cancer outcomes?
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What is the common pathway in all cancers?
Is carcinogenesis applicable for both benign and malignant tumours?
What is the difference between oncogenesis and carcinogenesis?
Carcinogenesis --> causation of malignant tumours only
Does carcinogenesis require continued presence of agent/carcinogen?
What are the cases in which carcinogens are persistent and evident in the resulting tumour?
What percentage of cancer risk is environmental?
What is the ultimate site of action of carcinogens?
What does the multi-step carcinogenesis hypothesis state?
How many carcinogens/mutations are needed to produce a tumour?
What kind of evidence is often used in carcinogen identification?
What types of studies are used to identify carcinogens?
Occupational risks
Direct accidental exposure data
Experimental data
What do epidemiological studies help identify in cancer research?
What do occupational/behavioural risks studies identify in cancer research?
What behaviour is lung carcinoma often associated with?
What methods are used in experimental carcinogen testing before human use?
Detection of any cell and tissue culture transformations
Bacterial mutagenicity tests
What are the major categories of carcinogens?
Do chemical carcinogens share common structural features?
What cancers are linked to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (tar, tobacco)?
What cancers are linked to azo dyes (butter yellow food dye)?
What is meant by metabolic conversion in chemical carcinogenesis?
Why can tumour location differ from exposure site?
What are the two steps of carcinogenesis?
What happens in the initiation step of carcinogenesis?
What happens in the promotion step of carcinogenesis?
Why is the order of exposure chemical carcinogens inducing initation and promotion important?
What does clustering of cancers in space and time suggest?
What are the effects induced by oncogenic viruses?
2. Promotes immunosupression, which favours viral carcinogenesis
What is the effect of long-term exposure to ionising radiation?
Which workers were historically at risk from ionising radiation?
What are major occupational sources of ionising radiation exposure?
Which tissues are especially sensitive to ionising radiation?
What cancers are linked to ionising radiation damage?
What is the main cancer risk from UV light?
Which UV wavelength is more carcinogenic: UVA or UVB?
Why is skin cancer more common in fair skinned people in sunny places?
What skin cancer types are linked to UV exposure?
Are most carcinogens normally produced by living cells?
What naturally occurring compounds may still be carcinogenic?
Which hormone is linked to mammary and endometrial carcinomas?
Oestrogen exposure in men from gender change can increase risk of what cancer?
What cancers are linked to androgenic and anabolic steroids?
What is meant by hormone-dependent tumours?
What are examples of hormone-dependent tumours?
How is prostate carcinoma treated hormonally?
What hormonal approach may be used in premenopausal breast cancer?
Which bacteria is linked to gastric lymphomas?
What fungal products can be carcinogenic?
Which fungus produces aflatoxin, and what cancer is it linked to?
Where are parasites often found in relation to tumours?
How do parasites induce tumours?
Which parasite is associated with bladder carcinoma?
Which parasite infests bile ducts and is linked to adenocarcinoma in the Far East?
What condition can result from inhalation of asbestos fibres?
What cancer is associated with asbestos exposure?
What host-related factors can influence cancer risk?
Diet
Constitutional factors (sex, inherited risks)
Premalignant lesions/conditions
Transplacental exposure
Which factors related to race/ethnicity can influence cancer risk?
Explain how the high incidence of oral cancer in India and South East Asia illustrates the effect of habit or cultural practices on cancer risk
What is studied when comparing race versus environment in cancer epidemiology?
Why are migrated populations useful in studying cancer risk?
What happens to stomach cancer risk when Africans migrate to the U.S.?
How can diet influence carcinogenesis?
Food lacks protective factors (ex: antioxidants)
Intestinal transit time (longer = higher risk)
What dietary factors increase colorectal cancer risk?
Alcohol increases risk of which cancers?
How does dietary fibre protect against colorectal cancer?
How does age affect cancer incidence?
Why does cancer risk rise with age?
What is the risk of breast cancer in females compared to men?
What explains the higher breast cancer risk in females?
What are premalignant lesions?
What is ulcerative colitis a premalignant condition of?
What is oral lichen planus a premalignant condition of?
What is meant by transplacental exposure?
Which drug was given in the 1940s to prevent miscarriage that later caused vaginal adenocarcinoma in offsprings?
What are the top three cancers estimated to have most number of cases in the US in 2023 for males?
2. Lung and bronchus (12%)
3. Colon and rectum (8%)
What are the top three cancers estimated to have the most number of cases in the US in 2023 for females?
2. Lung and bronchus (13%)
3. Colon and rectum (8%)
What are the top three cancers estimated to have the most number of deaths in the US in 2023 for males?
2. Prostate (11%)
3. Colon and rectum (9%)
What are the top three cancers estimated to have the most number of deaths in the US in 2023 for females?
2. Breast (15%)
3. Colon and rectum (8%)
What cancer is 7-8 times more common in Japan than USA?
Where is lung carcinoma incidence two times higher than the USA?
Where are skin cancers 6 times more common than Iceland?
Which occupation was linked to scrotal carcinoma?
What chemical exposure caused scrotal carcinoma?
How does smoking relate to lung cancer risk?
What behaviour is carcinoma of cervix associated with?
Which virus is linked to cervical carcinoma?
Which HPV genotypes are high risk?
Which workers were at risk of bladder carcinoma in the 1890s?
What chemical is linked to bladder carcinoma?
What nuclear accident caused increased thyroid cancer in children?
What was the latent interval for thyroid cancer after Chernobyl?
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