Lecture title - Neoplasia: Genes and cancer
106 important questions on Lecture title - Neoplasia: Genes and cancer
What are hallmarks of cancer?
List two enabling factors of cancer
2. Tumour-promoting inflammation
Mutations in what type of genes allows acquisition of hallmarks of cancer?
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What type of control is cellular proliferation under?
When does the transformation of normal somatic cell to malignant tumour take place?
Does cancer development get inherited directly as a tumour?
What does an organism pass on to offspring in relation to cancer?
What happens to potential tumour cells under normal protective mechanisms?
2. Programmed cell death (apoptosis)
Several mutations in different genes must accumulate in how many cells to become neoplastic?
Cells lose growth control in favour of what after several mutations in different genes?
How many successive mutations were previously believed necessary to convert a normal cell into an invasive carcinoma?
Why should cancers theoretically be rare if 6 mutations are required in 1 cell?
Why are cancers not as rare as predicted by the 6-mutation model?
How can some mutations increase the chance of further mutations?
Why does increased cell proliferation raise cancer risk?
What is the consequence of genomic instability in cancer development?
On average, how many genes display mutation expected to alter proteins in common tumours, according to genome wide sequencing?
What are driver mutations?
How many drive gene mutations does a typical tumour contain?
What are passenger mutations?
How many pathways can drive genes be classified into and what cellular processes do these pathways regulate?
Are most cancer mutations somatic or germline?
What does a somatic mutation mean in cancer?
What are germline mutations?
Give examples of hereditary cancer syndromes with strong family history.
- Retinoblastoma
- Familial Adenomatous Polyposis (FAP)
- Neurofibromatosis
How does germline mutations predispose an individual to certain types of cancer?
Give examples of familial cancer clustering
What are syndromes of defective DNA repair?
Give examples of inherited DNA repair syndromes linked to cancer.
Compare somatic vs germline mutations in cancer.
Germline: inherited, present in all cells, predisposes to cancer
What are the 4 basic gene types mutated in malignant tumours?
What is the normal function of proto-oncogenes?
What type of mutation converts a proto-oncogene into an oncogene?
Are oncogene mutations dominant or recessive?
Where were proto-oncogenes first identified?
What are v-onc genes?
What are c-onc genes?
Why are proto-oncogenes highly conserved in evolution?
What are the 5 functional classes of proto-oncogenes?
What types of tumours show 33–66 mutated genes on sequencing?
What are the 4 mechanisms of oncogene activation?
How does translocation activate an oncogene?
Which oncogene is activated in Burkitt lymphoma?
What is the characteristic Burkitt lymphoma translocation in 75-85% of cases?
What gene does MYC translocate next to in Burkitt lymphoma?
How do point mutations activate oncogenes?
What mechanism activates RAS oncogenes?
What is the effect of RAS point mutation?
How does gene amplification activate oncogenes?
What oncogene is amplified in neuroblastoma?
How does gene insertion activate oncogenes?
What kind of oncogene activation causes retrovirus?
What is the quantitative change from activation of oncogenes?
What is the qualitative change from activation of oncogenes?
What is the normal function of tumour suppressor genes (TSGs)?
What happens to TSGs in tumour cells?
How many tumour suppressor gene alleles must be inactivated for tumour formation?
Is one functional TSG allele sufficient?
What are gatekeeper tumour suppressor genes?
What are caretaker tumour suppressor genes?
What is loss of heterozygosity (LOH)?
How is LOH detected?
What does Knudson’s two-hit hypothesis state?
What is the first and second hit in hereditary cases, according to Kudson's two-hit hypothesis?
2nd hit: somatic mutation in cells that already carry mutations
How do sporadic cancers acquire both hits?
What gene is mutated in retinoblastoma?
What is the normal function of RB1?
What is the incidence of retinoblastoma?
What proportion of retinoblastoma cases are sporadic?
What is the molecular weight of p53 gene?
What phase of the cell cycle is regulated by p53?
What happens when normal p53 detects DNA damage?
What happens when p53 is mutated?
In what proportion of tumours is p53 somatically mutated?
Which syndrome is associated with germline p53 mutations?
What cancers are associated with Li-Fraumeni syndrome?
What genes are associated with inherited breast cancer susceptibility?
What percentage of breast cancers are due to BRCA mutations?
What functions do BRCA proteins perform?
Genomic stability
Homologous recombination (in meiosis)
DNA repair
What are apoptosis regulating genes?
Which protein family regulates apoptosis?
Which BCL-2 proteins are pro-apoptotic?
Which BCL-2 proteins are anti-apoptotic?
Which apoptosis regulating gene is activated in 85% of follicular B-cell lymphoma from translocation?
What is the role of DNA repair genes?
What happens when DNA repair genes are defective?
What are genomic instability syndromes?
What syndrome involves mismatch repair defects?
What percentage of colon cancers are due to HNPCC?
Which mismatch repair genes are commonly mutated in HNPCC?
Which tumour is classically explained by the two-hit hypothesis?
What repair defect causes xeroderma pigmentosum?
Which syndrome involves a DNA helicase defect?
What does the BLM gene encode for?
What condition involves hypersensitivity to DNA cross-linking agents?
What is the major difference between tumour suppressor genes and oncogenes with repair genes?
In the bus analogy, what do oncogenes represent?
In the bus analogy, what do tumour suppressor genes represent?
What does “jamming the accelerator” represent?
What does brake failure represent?
What does sabotage of nuts and bolts represent?
What is the adenoma–carcinoma sequence?
Is mutation order or accumulation more important in cancer development?
What methods are used for lab diagnosis of cancer?
What molecular techniques are used in cancer diagnosis?
What is molecular profiling used for?
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