Read the summary and the most important questions on Food Related Allergies and Intolerances

• 1 Immunological aspects

• 1.1 Lecture 1: General aspects of the immune system

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• What does a natural killer cell (NK) do?

  It binds to a tumour, releases toxics and then gets out the way.

• What does TLR stand for?

  Toll-like receptor

• Is TGF-beta pro-inflammatory or an anti-inflammatory cytokine?

  Anti-inflammatory

• To which does a Helper T cell belong to? Innate or adaptive immunity?

  Adaptive

• By what is the cytokine IL-10 produced?

  Treg

• What can be done with immunotherapy, when the Treg are not functioning properly?

  Boost the IL-10

• What are 4 differences between primary and secondary response?

  1. Primary response: 10-14 days, Secondary response 5-7 days (faster)
  2. Secondary response 100x higher than primary, much more antibodies
  3. Primary --> IgM, secondary --> IgG
  4. During formation secondary immune response, cells are slightly changing structure of antibodies, trying to fit better the allergen. Binding strength/affinity increases

• 1.2 Lecture 2: Gut mucosal immune system

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• How thick is the mucosal layer in the large and small intestine?

  Large intestine --> thick layer
  Small intestine --> thinner layer

• In which 3 ways are food components absorbed in the gut?

  1. Very small molecules --> completely digested (proteins, monosaccharides) taken up directly by epithelial cells, passes into mucosa, used for energy
     
  2. Dendritic cells --> There is a DC population that has an extension that squeezes between 2 epithelial cells, this extension of cytoplasm can directly sample food stuff from the gut lumen, not having to pass through epithelial cells
  3. Large complexes (aggregates) --> taken up by M cells, situated on top of Peyer's patches. M cell absorbs material, passes it to another DC that activates T and B cells --> start of immune response

• What is the problem in the leaky gut syndrome?

  Tight junctions between epithelial cells are not regulated properly