Read the summary and the most important questions on Hormones and the nervous system

• 1 Introduction

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• Where is leptin released and what is its function?

  Released by white adipose tissue. Binds to receptors in the brain and affects the food intake: motivation, location of food (remembering), consume. But leptin has also effects on reproduction by affecting sensitivity of pituitary gland to GnRH and acts on the ovary

• When is cortisol released and what is its function?

  Increased after stress and released from adrenal cortex. Effects in all tissues, including the brain. 
  - regulates stress response
  - regulates bp and blood sugar
  - suppresses inflammation
  - control of metabolism

• What is the function of the hypothalamus and brain stem?

  Motivation and execution of basal behaviors, such as fight/flight

• What is the function of senses, thalamus and amygdala?

  That responses are at the right moment

• What is the function of the frontal cortex and hippocampus?

  Coordination of processes in relation to cognitive processes, such as memory retrieval

• 4 Leeswerk boeken

• 4.1.1 H5

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• Which two types of synapses excist?

  1. Electrical synapses (CNS) - electrical current is passed on to other neurons via depolarization of the synaptic membrane
  2. Chemical synapses = synaptic transmission through chemical neurotransmitters

• What is the difference between postsynaptic and presynaptic?

  The information flows from the neuron to its target cell. The first neuron is presynaptic and the target cell is postsynaptic.

• Where do electical synapses occur?

  In the CNS.
  The synapses occur at gap junctions, so there is no synaptic cleft (6 connexins form connexon, 2 connexons from each cell meet and combine to form a channel). These channels allow ions (and small organic molecules) to move to other cells. 

• What is the main difference between electrical and chemical synapses regarding the direction of the signal?

  Chemical = monodirectional
  Electrical = bidirectional, ions can flow both ways -> this also results that an post synaptic potential (PSP) is caused in the first neuron when the second one generates an AP

• What is the pre- and postsynaptic neuron in chemical synapses?

  Presynaptic is the is axon terminal and the postsynaptic synaptic side is the membrane at the other side