Journalism Midterm #1
62 important questions on Journalism Midterm #1
What did Martinengo report about the Turkish assaults on Famagusta?
- Report covered six Turkish assaults.
- Describes Turks' attacks with "great rage."
- Detailed third assault with 5,000 cannon shots.
What happened to authors, printers, and booksellers in France between 1600 and 1756?
- Caused discomfort to government
- Over 800 thrown into Bastille
- Censorship issues
How did Martinengo manage to escape?
- Disguised as a slave.
- Escaped on a sailboat.
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What is unique about the English newsbook on the siege of Famagusta?
- Only Turkish victory reported in English publications.
- Exceptions among English publications from 1532-1593.
What is significant about the news report printed in Mexico City in 1542?
- It is the oldest surviving news report in the Americas.
- Top of page says "Relation" (early news term).
- Report describes an event in Guatemala by Juan Rodriguez.
What was the effect of English eyes on continental censorship in the 16th century?
- Cracks in censorship appeared
- English eyes missed provocative prints
- Protestant forces smuggled pamphlets
What was the purpose of the pamphlet on the Duke of Norfolk's arrest?
- Attempt to "stop the lying and open slander"
- Explain "the cause that the Duke of Norffolke is newly commytted to the Towre"
How did European authorities approach press control in the 16th century?
- Authorities took severe measures, including book burnings.
- Printed works required licensing by government/church.
- England and France had strict press regulations.
How did 16th-century printers and newswriters view monarchy?
- Content to take hand of monarch
- Follow along rambunctiously
- Weren’t always intimidated
What role did controversy play in the publication of newsbooks?
- Avoidance of military defeat reports.
- Focus on less controversial news.
- Warning for printers to avoid state matters.
What was a major focus for newsbooks in Europe during the 16th century?
- War with Turks
- Battle for territory
- Depicting Sultan Suleiman
- Use of "cruell power of the Turkes"
What was the purpose of some early newbooks related to military reports?
- Counteract pessimistic spread about the king's army.
- Included details of "bombards" and army size.
- Emphasize ease of French victories.
- Associate invasions with fighting Muslim peril.
How did authorities control the news according to the document?
- Combined early press with forceful measures
- Prevented potential enemies from using them
What were the observations about foreign versus local news in English publications?
- Foreign news less controversial.
- Printed more French politics than English.
- Certain successes underplayed.
What were some consequences for violating press regulations in 16th-century Europe?
- Fines, imprisonment, and flogging could be penalties.
- Repeat offenders faced death in some cases.
- William Carter executed for religiously provocative printing.
What method was used to evade government press controls from 1588 to 1589?
- Secret Puritan printing press
- Smuggled from Kingston to Wolston Priory
How many publications did Carl Göllner locate discussing the siege of Vienna?
- 33 publications located
- Siege of Vienna discussed
- Printed across Europe
How did early reporters emphasize French military success?
- Described marvels in conquered cities.
- Praised "Greek wines, sour wines and rosé wines".
- Highlighted strong soldiers.
- Compared wines to best worldwide.
Who was James Hagerty and what did he do?
- Press secretary for Eisenhower (1950s)
- Squirreled away stories
- Created gentle coverage of Eisenhower
What additional uses were found for the printing press by monarchs?
- Spread news favorable to monarchs.
- Justify complex marital arrangements.
- Spread governmental decrees.
- Manage public perception.
How were privileges used in early press control?
- Distribution of exclusive "privileges" to print
- Used as manipulation and reward
What was significant about the battle in 1571 at Famagusta?
- Heavily fortified outpost
- Turkish siege
- Aftermath shared via newsbooks
What role did news play in early societies?
- Bolstered leadership authority
- Strengthened or weakened arguments
- Conveyed successes and failures
- Played political advantage role
What complaint did James I of England have about the printing press?
- Found it humbling to justify decisions in print.
- Complained about printing authority undermining monarchy.
- Resisted a common descent.
- Battled for public support.
How did President Kennedy interact with journalists?
- Showed charm to select journalists
- Received kinder, gentler coverage
What role did governments play in controlling the press through transactions?
- Paid for kind and helpful words
- Example: Francis Bacon paid with land grant in 1601
What type of news made it to the early printing presses after Famagusta's siege?
- Atrocities after fall
- Turks’ “cruell” power
- Earle Nestor Martinego’s account
How was news spread before the printing press?
- By word of mouth
- Through messengers and criers
- Used for political advantage
What was the main limitation of early printing?
- Early printing faced limitations.
- Hand-setting of type was common.
- Press used was primitive and slow.
- Output was limited, not more than 3,000 sheets a day.
What is the oldest known surviving publication from Britain's American colonies?
- A declaration addressing English and Narragansetts disputes.
- Published in 1645 at Boston.
- Oldest news piece in American colonies.
- Came after a 1541 Mexican city report.
What did President Richard Nixon focus on regarding news?
- Noted attacks on front page
- Responses buried on "deodorant ads" page
What are potential candidates for starting the information age?
- Telegraph
- Radio
- Printing press
What did British diplomats note about news usage?
- 1578 observation: Turks imitated Christians
- Spread false news
- Recognized political skill
What did Columbus do to enhance his reputation?
- Engaged in news management
- Wrote letters to the court
- Extolled territorial discoveries
How did news publications evolve around the early 1600s?
- 1605: Published the first printed newspaper.
- 1615: Printed a newsbook, precursor to the newspaper.
- News began to spread widely across Europe.
- Printed news started advising and informing.
How did Queen Elizabeth I use the press in 1571?
- Justified the arrest of the Duke of Norfolk.
- Related to an alleged Spanish plot.
- Announcement based on a letter.
- Intended to influence English opinion.
Which invention changed the availability of information the most?
- The non-electric, hand-operated printing press
- Arrived in Europe in the 15th century
Who were the first humans to set foot in America?
- First settlers came from Asia
- Likely traveled by foot
- Arrived around 40,000 years ago
- Migrated across Beringia (land bridge)
How did Reagan's White House manage news appearances?
- Used red, white, and blue balloons
- Managed media focus on single message
What did the printing press guarantee?
- Original news item not distorted
- Bridged the gap between press and reader
How did the original discoverers of America spread word of their findings?
- Relied on spoken news
- Lacked writing or printing
- Difficult to spread accurate news
- No surviving records
How did news impact European rulers?
- Recognized power of press
- Used news to promote political claims
- England and France engaged in this
What is a "newsbook" as described in the text?
- Relates to printed pamphlets
- Focused on a single event
- Approximately 14x22 cm in size
What did Columbus describe in his printed letter from 1493?
- His discoveries in "the Indies"
- First printed in Spanish
- Printed in Barcelona
- Likely before Columbus reached the city
How did news of Columbus's discoveries begin to spread?
- Through handwritten letters
- A letter reached Florence by March
- Described an island with unique clothing
What challenges did Columbus face in spreading news of his discovery?
- No printing press before return
- Word spread by mouth
- Spread quickly after press arrived
- Hundreds of pamphlets circulated
What events are often introduced in school from the 15th century?
- Columbus's discovery of America in 1492
- Gutenberg's invention of the letter press
What was the significance of the printing press?
- Quick dissemination of news
- Amplified promotional efforts
- Control of news in Germany
What did European society face regarding literacy?
- Lack of literacy limited news readership
- Indifference to writing in 1688
What does the text mention about early news mediums?
- Attached to existing systems
- Established self-sufficient news systems
- Relied on newsreel film and reporting
How did the news of Columbus’s voyage spread?
- Gutenberg's printing press increased news dissemination.
- Columbus spread news through public relations efforts in Europe.
When was the Nuremberg Chronicle published?
- Published on July 12, 1493
- After Columbus' first voyage
What did Columbus do with his account of the venture?
- Wrote a thorough account
- Forwarded to the court
- Sent one or two letters by March 14
How was Columbus's letter to the Spanish court distributed?
- Written in Palos, sent in early spring
- Latin translation printed on April 29, 1493
- Became a "bestseller" in Rome
- Multiple editions printed
How did Charles VIII use news?
- Promoted his invasion of Italy
- Distributed propaganda
- Utilized papal bull for claims
How was news circulated in medieval Europe?
- Through handwritten letters
- Conversing with travelers or reading letters
- Ships' news spread gradually
What did the Vikings discover 500 years before Columbus?
- Discovered a temporary land called "Vinland"
- Written about in 1070 by a German cleric
What opportunity did the printing press offer leaders?
- Exploit printed opportunity
- Publish news more widely
What challenge did ports face regarding Columbus's news?
- Delays and distortions
- Spread through handwriting
- Gradual communication over time
What did Columbus bring back to reinforce his discoveries?
What fear did authorities have about the printed news?
- Subjects might "indispensably might deceive the civill Senses"
- People misled by false information
Who interviewed the King of Denmark about the Viking discovery?
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