Read the summary and the most important questions on Law and AI

• 1 Week

• 1.1 What is AI: De Spiegeleire, Stephan, Matthijs Maas, and Tim Sweijs

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• AI: concrete AI definitions, two conceptual dimensions

  1. Whether it emphasizes the attainment of specific (‘intelligent’ or ‘sentient’) thought processes (T) and reasoning, or whether it emphasizes (‘goal-oriented’; ‘effective’) behavior (B);
  2. Whether it measures success on (1) against human performance (H), or against an ideal 
concept of intelligence – usually defined as ‘rationality’ (R)

• AI: practical, especially political or military

  The focus is often on behavior-
focused approaches, emphasizing how artificially intelligent systems act in the world

• - AI: Nilsson's definition- With aligns with Nilsson's definition 

  - Artificial intelligence is the activity devoted to making 
   machines intelligent, and intelligence is the quality enabling an entity to function appropriately 
and with foresight in its environment.
  - While human performance is essential for gauging (ijking) AI capabilities, the focus for most strategic purposes can be on the thought processes (T) and behavioral performance (B) of AI 
systems, aiming for equal or superior accuracy, speed, and decision quality compared to 
humans.

• A typology of different definitions of AI and their underlying approaches: Human Benchmark (H) and Intelligence as Thought Processes (T)

  (T-H) Systems that think like humans (e.g. cognitive science)

  
  
  “The exciting new effort to make computers think ... machines with minds, in the full and literal sense’'
  
- Haugeland, 1985

  
  “The automation of activities that we associate with human thinking, activities such as decision-making, problem solving, learning ...’’
  - Bellman, 1978

• A typology of different definitions of AI and their underlying approaches: Human Benchmark (H) and Intelligence as goal-oriented behavior (B)

  (B-H) Systems that act like humans
  (Cf. Turing test; Winograd Schema Challenge)

  
  “The art of creating machines that perform functions that require intelligence when performed by people’’
  - Kurzweil, 1990

  
  “The study of how to make computers do things at which, at the moment, people are better’’
  - Rich and Knight, 1991

• A typology of different definitions of AI and their underlying approaches: Rationality Benchmark (R) and Intelligence as goal-oriented behavior (B)

  (B-R) Systems that act rationally
  (rational agents)

  
  “A field of study that seeks to explain and emulate intelligent behavior interms of computational processes’’
  - Schalkoff, 1990

  
  “The branch of computer science that is concerned with the automation of intelligent behavior’’
  - Luger & Stubblefield, 1993

• A typology of different definitions of AI and their underlying approaches: Rationality Benchmark (R) an Intelligence as Thought Processes (T)

  (T-R) Systems that think rationally (logic/ laws of thought)

  
  “The study of mental faculties through the use of computational models’’
  - Charniak and McDermott, 1985

  
  “The study of the computations that make it possible to perceive, reason, and act’’
  - Winston, 1992

• Three generations of AI:

  1. Artificial Narrow Intelligence (ANI or narrow AI): machine intelligence that equals or exceeds human intelligence for specific tasks
   
  - IBM’s Deep Blue, Watson, Google’s AlphaGO, High-frequency trading algorithms or any 
specialized automatic systems performing beyond (buiten) human reach (Google translate, 
spam filters and the Guidance systems of point-defense anti-missile cannons)
  2. Artificial General Intelligence (AGI or “strong AI”): machine intelligence meeting the full range of human performance across any task.
  3. Artificial Superintelligence (ASI): machine intelligence that exceeds human intelligence across any task.

• How is intelligence etymologically connected to reading and choosing?

  It involves the Greek roots 'inter' and 'legere'

• What does the 15th-century definition of intelligence emphasize?

  Superior understanding and sagacity