Time between release burst and onset of voicing the english contrast pet - bet invloves aspiration in pet the vocal chords only start vibrating after the vowel has started in bet these events occur roughly at the same time the dutch contrast pet bet invloves prevoicing in bet the vocal chords start vibrating before the vowels starts. in pet therse events occur roughly at the same time

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Consonants and syllables Fortis-lenis, allophones, processes

Q: Which for Rs do you have in non-rhotic accents? (2)

Linking /r/ orthographic r is restored as a link across w ord boundaries as expected, linking /r/ occurs only before a vowel completely natural and accepted in non-rhotic accents Intrusive /r/ /r/ is inserted after /ɑː ɔː ə ɪə ʊə/ even though no r occurs in the spelling as expected, intrusive /r/ occurs only before a vowel Also very frequently found in most non-rhotic accents (although not considered standard)

12 important questions on Consonants and syllables Fortis-lenis, allophones, processes

The english phoneme /l/ has three defined recurring allophones.

clear [l] occurs before vowels and before /j/;

tongue shape is slightly palatalised with a convex upper surface.

dark (velarised) [ɫ] before a consonants (except /j/) or a pause;

is velarised

voiceless (fricative) [l]̥ occurs initially in a stressed syllable following /p/ or /k/.

What is a syllable and what are the different parts of a syllable.

Syllable are the sounds that group together.

syllable onset

optional element

rhyme (gives the potential for words to rhyme)

syllable nucleus

this is obligatory, most of the time a vowel

syllable coda

optional element

What is it about certain sounds that makes them candidates for syllable
nucleus status?

It is significant that the sounds which can occur as a syllable
nucleus are those who have the most sonority.

Three types of groups with in the sonority hierarchy

Vowels
sonorants

nasals
lateral approximant
central approximants

obstruents

voiced fricatives
voiceless fricatives
voiced plosives
voiceless plosives

When do you use the long and short vowels?

Other things being equal, long vowels have an inherently longer duration than short vowels
However, vowel length depends on phonetic context
Long vowel Pre-fortis --> here long vowels are only half-long
Long vowel Pre-lenis, pre-sonorant and word-final --> contexts in which long vowels have full duration
Short vowel pre-fortis --> short vowels are shortest
Short vowel pre-lenis, pre-sonorant --> context in which short vowels are longer/lengthened.
Short vowels do not occur word-finally.

When is there devoicing of lenis consonants?

Initial --> partly devoiced
Medial (between vowels) --> fully voiced
Final --> totally devoiced

The vowel is still long regardless of the devoicing. So vowel duration is a more important cue to lenis than voicing.

Voice onset time?

Time between release burst and onset of voicing

the english contrast pet - bet invloves aspiration

in pet the vocal chords only start vibrating after the vowel has started
in bet these events occur roughly at the same time

the dutch contrast pet bet invloves prevoicing

in bet the vocal chords start vibrating before the vowels starts.
in pet therse events occur roughly at the same time

What can you conclude about these results of a High-Amplitude Sucking (HAS) research?

The first one: across the boundary so ther is a different sound
The second one: a small shift, so there are within the category
The third one: no shift, so there is no soudn change. There is no VOT change

Rhotic vs. Non-rhotic accents?

Rhotic accents:

/r/ is pronounced in all context

ready very
alarm car

most north american varietes --> GA, canadian
Scottish, irish

Non-rhotic accents:

/r/ is pronounced only vefore a vowel
not before consonant and pause

alarm
car

most of England and Wales
Australian, South African. New Zealand
much American English spoken in southern and eastern states

Boston, new york city
Alabama, georgie

Which for Rs do you have in non-rhotic accents? (2)

Linking /r/

orthographic r is restored as a link across word boundaries
as expected, linking /r/ occurs only before a vowel
completely natural and accepted in non-rhotic accents

Intrusive /r/

/r/ is inserted after /ɑː ɔː ə ɪə ʊə/ even though no r occurs in the spelling
as expected, intrusive /r/ occurs only before a vowel
Also very frequently found in most non-rhotic accents (although not considered standard)

What are the semi-vowels and non-semi-vowels

semi-vowel (/j/ and /w/) and non-semi-vowel (/l/ and /r/). This reflects the sound based on wich part of the tongue is used to produce the sound.

The semi-vowels are articulated with the part of the tongue that is used to articulate vowels – the front, center, and back. The position for /j/ and /w/ are the same as for the [i] and [u] vowels respectively. Semi-vowels only occur in syllable onsets.
The non-semi-vowels /l/ and /r/ involve the tip and blade of the tongue, which are not used in the articulation of vowels.

What are the criteria for Yod-dropping in English?

Yod-dropping occurs when the sounds [j] is omitted, typically in specific contexts.
Main criteria include:
1. Following a vowel sound
2. Being at the beginning of a stressed syllable
3. In informal speech or specific dialects
Examples include words like "do you" becoming "d'you."