Regulation of cell number and size - Growth factors and cytokines

5 important questions on Regulation of cell number and size - Growth factors and cytokines

What is the mechanism behind cell proliferation/differentiation?

1. Growth factors + membrane receptors + signal transducers lead to downstream effects within the cell
2. Transcription factors produce response elements
3. Gene expression with response elements lead to protein synthesis and cellular responses

Give an example of a paracrine signaling molecule and its receptor & transcription factor

Hepatocyte growth factor & c-Met = mTOR

Give an example of an endocrine signaling molecule and its receptor & transcription factor

IL-6 & IL6R = STAT3
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What is an example of an endocrine growth factor?

EPO (erythropoietin) synthesis in the kidney increases when there is low O2 (blood loss, high altitude, etc)

How does HIF-1a get activated?

In regular O2 concentrations, O2 binds to hydroxyprolines which contribute to the ubiquitinylation/degradation of HIF-1a. In low O2, hydroxyprolines will not be able to degrade HIF-1a as O2 is not bound to them.

Basically: O2 = teacher, hydroxyprolines = student in detention, HIF-1a = homework that needs to get done
- If O2 is not present, hydroxyprolines are not bound to them, so they can't degrade HIF-1a

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