The science of training and development - Salas et al. (2012)

16 important questions on The science of training and development - Salas et al. (2012)

Training should be prepared, designed, and delivered systematically through three stages, which stages, in Salas et al. (2012) - training and development?

Before, during and after

What is essential to do before training, in Salas et al. (2012) - training and development?

Conduct a training needs analysis

What do you determine with a training needs analysis (TNA), in Salas et al. (2012) - training and development?

What should be trained
Who should be trained
Under what organizational conditions
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What 3 analysis are included in training needs analysis, in Salas et al. (2012) - training and development?

Organizational analysis
Job-task analysis
Person analysis

Besides doing a training needs analysis (TNA) before training, what is a important facilitator for good learning?

Creating a supportive learning climate and preparing supervisors

What is important for the design, during the training, in Salas et al. (2012) - training and development?

Grounded in learning science
Promoting self-efficacy
Motivation to learn
Learning goal orientation

What elements do effective instruction combine, during training, in Salas et al. (2012) - training and development?

Information
Demonstration
Practice
Feedback

Work-samples mimic real job tasks in selection methods, what should be replicated in training, during training, in Salas et al. (2012) - training and development?

Replicate real work demands
Realistic, error-based learning
Transfer-appropriate practice

What is the most important element of training, after training, in Salas et al. (2012) - training and development?

Transfer - ensuring that new skills are applied on the job

What does transfer refer to after training, in Salas et al. (2012) - training and development?

Ensuring that new skills are applied on the job

What elements ensure a good transfer after training, in Salas et al. (2012) - training and development?

Supervisor support
Opportunities to perform
Follow-up reinforcement
Refresher training

Evaluation of training is important and should be systematic and evidence-based, aligned with the training goals established in the TNA. What model can be used for this, in Salas et al. (2012) - training and development?

Kirk Patrick model

What are the four elements of the Kirk Patrick model, in Salas et al. (2012) - training and development?

Reaction, learning, behavior and results

What does effective evaluations of trainings identify, in Salas et al. (2012) - training and development?

Wether learning occurred
Behavior changed
Organizational outcomes improved

Training effectiveness depends on individual differences in cognition, motivation and dispositional factors, what are those factors, in Salas et al. (2012) - training and development?

High self-efficacy and learning orientation
Motivation to learn
Cognitive ability, conscientiousness and openness to experience

In training effectiveness, when do older employees perform well, in Salas et al. (2012) - training and development?

Older workers perform well when training is structured, self-paced, and supported by clear guidance

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