Salient features
3 important questions on Salient features
Salient fetaures from New York City English?
vowels 5
consonants 5
Vowels
- TRAP in BATH words [æ]
TRAP raising before /m, n, g, d, b, ʃ, f, s, θ/ in coda position to [ɛə] - THOUGHT and CLOTH realised as [ɔə], separate from LOT and PALM [ɑ]
- GOOSE has not undergone fronting, remaining back as [u]
- Backed PRICE [ɑɪ]
- Fronted MOUTH [æʊ]
Consonants
- Non-rhotic (but variable under influence of General American, cf. Labov, 1966)
- /t/ and /d/ realised against the teeth rather than the alveolar ridge
- TH and DH stopping are possible (but rare)
- Dark /l/ in syllable-initial position
- /hj/ realised as [j
Salient features from Idian English?
vowels 5
consonants 8
Vowels
- BATH = PALM
- STRUT is /ʌ/
- FACE and GOAT are monophthongs [e:] and [o:]
- TRAP=DRESS in most varieties.
- Fewer weak forms including for the articles the and a, realised as /ði:/ and /e(:)/
Consonants
- Usually rhotic, with some non-rhotic varieties in the North
- No h-dropping
- No glottal replacement for medial and final /t/
- No aspiration of strong stops
- The alveolar stops /d/ and /t/ are often retroflex
- Dental fricatives are usually realized as dental stops
- /l/ is clear in all contexts
- /r/ is often realized as a tap [ɾ]
Salient features from Singapore English?
vowels 7
consonants 7
Vowels
- BATH = PALM [a]
- FACE and GOAT are monophthongs [e] and [o]
- KIT = FLEECE
- TRAP = DRESS = SQUARE [Ɛ]
- FOOT = GOOSE
- Syllable-timing
- No distinction between long and short vowels (all short)
Consonants
- Non-rhotic
- No /h/-dropping
- Frequent glottal replacement for final /t/
- Unreleased final stops
- TH-stopping and DH-stopping
- Final devoicing
- Consonant cluster reduction
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