Learning Goal - CHANGE

12 important questions on Learning Goal - CHANGE

How can change be measured in psychology?

Change can be measured in psychology by:
  1. Populations (e.g., % of people with depression)
  2. Individuals over time (e.g., memory scores from 12-18)
  3. Individuals across conditions (e.g., performance after different study techniques)

What are the strengths of a Repeated Measures Design?

  • Requires fewer participants.
  • Removes individual differences as a confounding variable.

How can psychologists help with knowing prevalence?

Psychologists can help with knowing prevalence, which is the % of population with a trait/behavior/condition, by:
  1. Comparing prevalence over time (e.g., 2020 vs 2025)
  2. Comparing prevalence across groups (e.g., teens & adults)
  3. Deciding where to put treatments/support (more services where prevalence is higher)
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What are the limitations of a Repeated Measures Design?

  • Risk of demand characteristics; may affect results.
  • Practice, fatigue, and order effects.

What is responsibility in terms of agency?

Accepting accountability for one's actions and their consequences.

What is a longitudinal design in psychology?

A longitudinal design collects data from the same participant over a long period of time.

What is "Attrition" in the context of longitudinal studies?

  • Attrition refers to participants dropping out midway in a longitudinal study.

What characterizes an internal locus of control?

They have control over their life outcomes. Connect success and failures to their own efforts, skills, and decisions. E.g., getting a good test score with frequent studying/hard work.

What is a repeated measures design?

A repeated measures design is when the same participants take part in every condition of the independent variable (e.g., participants do Condition A, then Condition B in the same study).

How do order effects impact repeated measures design?

  • Order effects include fatigue and practice, impacting results as participants improve over time.

How is an external locus of control described?

Believe external factors like luck, fate, or other people to be responsible for their outcomes. E.g., getting fired due to "bad luck."

What can change include according to the notes?

Change can include:
  • Development and maturation over time.
  • Behavior changing after therapy, education, or intervention.
  • Changes caused by illness, trauma, or life events.

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