Summary: (3.3):the Influence Of Social Pressure,sanctions,individualism And Social Exchange On...

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• 1 (3.3):The Influence of Social Pressure,Sanctions,Individualism and Social Exchange on Social Order and Expectations

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• Why are members of society generally happy to cooperate with socialisation and social control processes?

  Members of society are generally happy to cooperate with the processes of socialisation and social control because cultural conformity brings about social benefits in the form of social exchange for those who comply.

• What is 'mechanical solidarity' according to the text?

  The concept of mechanical solidarity suggests that agencies of socialisation and social control, like family, community, and religion, are so effective that the values, norms, and laws of these societies are rarely questioned. Individuals are expected to submit to collectivistic interests, and punishments for deviance are harsh. This is common in pre-industrial cultures and societies like China or North Korea.

• What benefit do those who comply with the law receive?

  Those who comply with the law benefit from it because the law aims to protect us all equally.

• What does the examination of social control and agencies reveal about social pressure and sanctions?

  The examination shows that both socialisation and social control function to exert social pressure to ensure conformity and social order. Such pressure is intended to deter any temptation to behave in a socially unacceptable way. Furthermore, sanctions are available to agencies of control to reward and reinforce the conformity of those citizens who accept the authority that enforces rules based on a social exchange that benefits their self-interest.

• How does 'organic solidarity' differ from 'mechanical solidarity'?

  Organic solidarity is seen in industrial societies where individual ideas promote self-interest. Agencies of family, community, and religion are weak. Values and norms shift, leading to moral uncertainty. These societies are unstable, with exchanges based on personal benefit. This contrasts with mechanical solidarity, where society is cohesive and values are stable.

• Why do we behave civilly towards others?

  We are happy to behave civilly towards others because this behaviour ensures that others are civil in return, thus maximising social bonds and minimising the potential for conflict.

• How do police forces engage in consensual policing, and what is the result?

  Police forces engage in consensual policing as most citizens accept the need for policing and voluntarily cooperate with the police when needed. Another example of this social exchange is that in return for adherence to the law, if a citizen is unlawfully killed or robbed, a team of strangers employed by the state works towards finding and punishing those responsible.

• What is a consequence of social exchange related to social capital?

  Another consequence of this social exchange is the acquisition of bonding social capital (information and resources that mutually benefit those with similar interests) and bridging social capital (the capacity to form alliances with others of like mind).

• What is the role of social exchange in society according to the text?

  Social exchange is an important social glue holding varied groups of citizens together. Everyday norms or rules relating to civility, such as politeness, etiquette, morality, deference to those in authority, duty, and obligation, contribute to social cohesion. This reduces the possibility of conflict. Civility is a belief which affirms the possibility of the common good.

• Describe 'social pressure' and its influence according to the text.

  Social pressure is influence exerted by a powerful person or group. It can take forms like rational argument, persuasion, or coercion (threats, violence). An example is a peer group exerting pressure on an individual to behave anti-socially. It is a form of social control affecting individual behavior.