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Lab 8 - Animal Diversity 2: Deuterostomia and Vertebrates

Q: What does the gizzard do in a pigeon?

The gizzard in a pigeon performs important functions: Grinds food Mixes with digestive juices Aids in digestion

Q: What does the proventriculus do in a pigeon?

The proventriculus helps in digestion by: Producing glands that secrete enzymes Softening food before it enters the ventriculus

Q: What does the crop do in a pigeon?

A crop serves as a storage organ for food before digestion in a pigeon . Stores food Aids in digestion Softens grains

Q: What is a uterine horn?

A uterine horn is part of the female reproductive system in some mammals . Structure : Extensions of the uterus Function : Supports fetal development in species with multiple offspring

53 important questions on Lab 8 - Animal Diversity 2: Deuterostomia and Vertebrates

Where is the oral surface in Echinodermata?

Is where the mouth is located

Within the chordates, there are three groups that are not considered to be vertebrates, why?

They do not have a vertebral column

Where is the aboral surface located in Echinodermata?

It is the upper surface that is away from the mouth

What must an animal have at some point in its lifecycle to be considered a chordate?

An animal must have a notochord (longitudinal, flexible rod between the digestive tube and nerve cord), a dorsal hollow nerve cord, pharyngeal clefts (form gills in aquatic species), and a post-anal tail (lost in some groups).

What is an amniotic egg?

It is an egg that contains four specific membranes, the amnion, the chorion, the yolk sac and the allantois

What are the three groups within chordates that are not considered vertebrates?

The three groups are the cephalochordates, the urochordates, and hagfish.

What is the defining feature of the amniotes?

An amniotic egg

Which group within chordates is considered a craniate?

Of the three, only the hagfish is considered a craniate (having a cranium or skull).

What does the gizzard do in a pigeon?

The gizzard in a pigeon performs important functions:

Grinds food
Mixes with digestive juices
Aids in digestion

What does the proventriculus do in a pigeon?

The proventriculus helps in digestion by:

Producing glands that secrete enzymes
Softening food before it enters the ventriculus

What does the crop do in a pigeon?

A crop serves as a storage organ for food before digestion in a pigeon.

Stores food
Aids in digestion
Softens grains

What is a uterine horn?

A uterine horn is part of the female reproductive system in some mammals.

Structure: Extensions of the uterus
Function: Supports fetal development in species with multiple offspring

What are the two major clades within the amniotes?

There are two major clades, the reptilia (which contain the crocodilians, birds, lizards and snakes), and mammalia.

How are birds and other mammals described in terms of thermoregulation?

Birds and other mammals are homeothermic which means they regulate their body temperature internally.

What adaptations do birds have for flight?

Birds have many adaptations for flight including their numerous diversified feathers, hollow bones and light but strong skeleton, and extensive muscular system.

What is unique about a bird's beak in terms of feeding and grooming?

In terms of digestion, birds do not chew their food, the beak is used for acquiring food and pruning feathers.

How do birds' beaks differ from those of other animals?

They do not have teeth but have rough sections inside their beaks that allow them to grip seeds.

What is the function of the cloaca in birds?

They also have only one opening (the cloaca) for both reproduction and disposal of wastes as uric acid (the white paste also known as guanine).

What is a defining feature of Chondrichthyes?

A defining feature of this group is the fact that the skeleton of chondrichthyans is cartilaginous in nature.

What is cartilage composed of in Chondrichthyes?

Cartilage is composed of extracellular matrix proteins (ex., collagen), that form a tough, interconnecting network which contain chondrocytes, or cartilage-producing cells.

What do sharks have on their head for electroreception?

Sharks have ampullae of Lorenzini found on their head, which are responsible for electroreception.

How are sharks, skates, and rays covered in terms of scales?

Sharks, skates and rays are covered in a very primitive type of scale known as placoid scales.

How do mammals produce milk for their young?

Mammals produce milk for their young through mammillary glands.

What are two systems that mammals have which are complex and efficient?

They are endothermic and have complex efficient respiration and circulatory systems.

How are the teeth of sharks described?

Quite interestingly, the teeth of sharks are modified placoid scales, and in some species, you can see the intermediates between placoid scales and teeth covering the lip of the animals.

What type of teeth do mammals have?

They have specialized teeth adapted to their diet (herbivore, carnivore, omnivore).

What are the three major lineages of mammals?

There are three major lineages of mammals: the monotremes, the marsupials, and the eutherians.

What is notable about the GI tract of sharks, rays, and skates?

Sharks, rays, and skates have a short GI tract.

Which mammals nourish their embryos with a placenta?

Eutherians are those mammals who nourish their embryos with a placenta.

Which lineage of mammals is the most abundant on earth?

The eutherians are the most abundant mammals on earth.

What adaptation do sharks, rays, and skates have for nutrient absorption?

This group has developed a spiral valve that increases the absorption of nutrients.

How does the digestive system of rats differ from humans?

Their digestive system differs from humans because they do not have a gallbladder and they also have an expanded cecum which acts as a fermentation vat to digest cellulose.

How do sharks obtain oxygen?

Sharks also have gill slits behind their heads, water enters the mouth and passes through the gills and is expelled through these slits. Some sharks are only able to get oxygen by moving forward and forcing water over the gills. Others have a gill pump that helps to suck in the water to push it over their gills

What is the function of the cecum in the rat?

The cecum is responsible for containing bacteria which can break down cellulose which rats need in their diet. The cecum also carries out microbial fermentation.

Do sharks have a swim bladder?

No, they use their pectoral fins and tail to move up and down in water columns

What does the diaphragm separate in the rat?

The diaphragm separates the thoracic cavity and the abdominal cavity.

What are all animals within Deuterostomia known for?

All animals within Deuterostomia are deuterostomes, meaning they have a separate opening for their mouth(s) and anus.

Are all animals that have a separate opening for their mouth and anus found within the deuterostomes?

What do Osteichthyans have that covers and protects their gills?

Osteichthyans have an operculum that covers and protects their gills.

What is the introduced trait that divided hemichordates from the chordates on the phylogenic tree?

Notochord

What do starfish generally prefer to eat?

The starfish are carnivores which generally prefer to eat molluscs such as clams or mussels.

How do Osteichthyans obtain oxygen from water?

As water goes into their mouths it passes over the gills and exits here, which is how fish 'breathe' and obtain oxygen from water.

How do starfish consume their prey?

They will pry open the shell with its strong arms and pry open the shell to consume the lush interior organs.

How do starfish digest their food?

They evert their stomach out of their bodies and use enzymes to break down the tissues into a slimy mass so they can externally digest the nutrients.

What is the pathway of blood circulation in Osteichthyans called?

The pathway is sometimes called a 'single circuit' since deoxygenated blood moves from one atria to one ventricle then out to the gills to be oxygenated then to the body and back to the atria.

How is waste expelled in starfish?

Waste is expelled out of the opposite side of the starfish to the mouth, through the anus.

What structure do many bony fish have to maintain position and buoyancy?

Many bony fish also have a swim bladder, which is a structure used by the fish to maintain its position and buoyancy in the water column.

How long have vertebrates existed?

Vertebrates have existed for at least 530 million years, ever since the Cambrian period.

How many species of vertebrates are there approximately?

There are approximately 52 000 species of vertebrates.

What is the swim bladder filled with?

Filled with gas from blood and can be filled or emptied (slowly) as needed

How many varieties of arthropods are there?

There are over 1 000 000 varieties of arthropods.

What is the function of the lateral line in bony fish?

The bony fish also have a lateral line which runs the length of its body and functions as a sensory organ, sensing movement and changes in pressure.

What does it mean that Osteichthyans are poikilothermic?

Osteichthyans are poikilothermic which means their body temperature varies with their environment.

The question on the page originate from the summary of the following study material:

BFI - Laboratory Assignments

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