Read the summary and the most important questions on Theory Week 1: Eating 101/Vitamins and Minerals

• 1 Belgian recommendations: HGR and FIHL

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• The superior Health Council is a federal advisory body. Its secretariat is provided by the Federal Public Service Health, Food Chain Safety and Environment. - What do they do?- HGR established recommendations for adults in 2019: What are those 6 recommendations?

  They provide scientific advisory reports on public health issues
  --> to the ministers of public health + environment
  --> their administration
  --> and a few agencies
  
  The advisory reports are drawn up on request or on the HGR's own initiative
  
  Recommendations for adults:
  - whole grain products --> 125g daily (replace refined amap)
  - fruit --> 250g daily (preferably fresh)
  - vegetables --> 300g daily (fresh or prepared) variety + seasonal
  - legumes --> at least once a week
  - nuts or seeds --> 15-25g daily (without salty/sweet shells)
  - Limit intake --> of salt

• 2 Overweight and obesity in Belgium

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• 2.1 Diseases associated with poor nutrition

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• - Give at least 5 of the 10 leading causes of mortality in Belgium (2014).- Name the 6 diseases associated with poor nutrition

  Leading causes mortality
  1. Ischeamic heart disease
  2. Heart failure
  3. Colorectal cancer
  4. Infectious diseases
  5. Breast cancer
  6. Diabetes
  7. Prostate cancer
  8. Cirrhosis
  9. Cancer uterus
  10. Cervical cancer
  
  
  Diseases associated with poor nutrition
  - Dental caries
  - Cardiovascular disease (hypertension)
  - Diabetes (type 2)
  - Obesity
  - Cirrhosis liver
  - Cancer (colon + breast + reproductive (uterine, prostate, cervical)

• 4 Cravings

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• What can u say about cravings and where food cravings could come from?

  - Most people have them
  - Most craved is chocolate
  
  It may be:
  - physiological?
  - emotional?
  - the body's innate wisdom?
  
  The body could tell us:
  --> need a mood adjustment
  --> blood sugar = low
  --> lacking specific nutrient
  --> emotional imbalance

• 6 Vitamins and oral health

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• 6.1 Vitamins, food processing and food preparation

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• - Why are there variations In food sources of vitamins?- Why is standardization of vitamin content impossible?

  Variations due to soil + growing environment
  
  Impossible because:
  - supplement manufacturing variations
  - purity of components --> in the supplement --> varies
  - variations in absorption --> of the supplement --> by body

• 7 Counceling dental patients: about vitamins and minerals

• - What are the 4 things you do when counseling dental patients about vitamins?

  1. Inquire about 
  - nutrition and supplementation
  
  2. Carefully examine
  - soft + hard oral tissues
  
  3. Individualize 
  - treatment plan
  
  4. High alert for vitamin-related conditions if person is
  - chronic dieter
  - denture patient
  - requires --> multiple medications for conditions
  - high incidence of caries
  - periodontal disease
  - oral lesions 
  - or/and xerostomia

• What are the things about minerals that you should mention when counseling patients?

  1. Supplementation of minerals should be used with caution
  
  2. Processed food --> creates concerns with:
  - absorption of nutrients: minerals, vitamins
  - imbalances in the body
  - deficiencies of calcium, iron and zinc
  - avoid excess salt
  
  3. With food preparations --> minerals not destroyed by heat --> will leach out into cooking water

• 8 Minerals

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• Name 6 of the primary roles of minerals in the body.

  1. Converting macronutrients (glucose, porteins and fats) to energy
  - production of ATP to --> power cellular processes
  - ATP = form of chemical energy cells can use
  
  2. Synthesizing or activating
  --> enzymes
  
  3. Forming vitamins from 
  --> precursor molecules
  
  4. Forming blood cells + recycling minerals from: 
  --> broken-down cells
  
  5. Forming 
  --> hormones
  
  6. Growth and development 
  --> of the brain
  
  7. Immune system 
  --> function
  
  8. Muscle contraction
  
  9. Nerve transmission
  
  10. Intracellular + extracellular
  --> fluid balance
  
  11. Forming 
  --> connective tissues (blood/bone/cartilage)
  
  12. Function as antioxidants

• - Mineral is available for use in body functions: which are they?- Imbalances lead to dysfunction: explain.

  Minerals in body functions:
  - absorption
  - transport --> to location for use
  - transformation --> to a useable form
  
  Imbalances --> Dysfunction:
  - excesses in one mineral --> over another
  - decreases in one mineral --> may impact use of other

• What can u tell about mineral excess and which mineral is the most common to be taken in excess?

  Mineral excess is rare 
  --> and occasionally occurs with mineral supplementation.
  
  Most mineral supplementation is taken with a multiple vitamins
  
  Most common mineral taken in excess is salt

• - Electrolytes regulate many body functions: name 4 of them.- What role does the sodium-potassium pump play here?- What is the function of the acid-base balance?

  Electrolytes functions in body:
  - Neural transmission
  - Muscle contraction
  - Acid-base balance in blood
  - Intra- and extracellular water balance
  
  Sodium-potassium pump
  - Active transport of --> mineral ions across --> semipermeable membrane
  
  - Facilitates messages along cell membrane --> as in neural transmission
  
  Acid-base balance --> adjusts pH of blood within --> small tolerance levels --> preventing acidoses or alkalosis