Read the summary and the most important questions on Theory week 3: Protein

• 1 Protein

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• What are the primary roles of protein in the body?

  - Youth --> growth
  
  - Adult --> maintaince
  
  - Repair --> physical or emotional stress, illness, injury (increases if these things are present)

• What are structural proteins? Give examples.

  Structural protein = for growth
  
  - skin
  - tendons
  - bone matrix
  - cartilage
  - connective tissue
  - teeth
  - eye lens

• - What are functional proteins for?

  Functional proteins = maintenance and repair
  
  1. Regulates activity --> within body's fluid compartments 
  
  2. Makes hormones, enzymes and antibodies
  
  3. Transport proteins
  
  4. Chemical messenger (neurotransmitter)
  
  5. Regulates pH of mouth

• - What is the recommended daily intake of protein?- Which formula could you use?- What is the ideal break of protein throughout the day?- According to what does the amount vary? 

  RDI = 40-65g a day
  0,8 x body weight in kg = RDI
  
  
  Ideally break of protein throughout day
  = 15 - 20g per meal
  
  Amount needed varies according to:
  - protein lost during day
  - urine, feces, sweat, mucus
  - sloughed skin, lost hair, lost nails

• 1.2 Protein quantity

• - How is protein quantity measured?- Explain the temporary imbalances linked to this.

  Protein quantity = measured as nitrogen in diet
  
  --> Nitrogen balance = ideal
  
  1. Positive nitrogen balance
  - more nitrogen is absorbed, than going out
  - growth, pregnancy, muscle building, tissue repair
  
  2. Negative nitrogen balance
  - more nitrogen going out, than being absorbed
  - rapid weight loss, illness, fever, starvation
  - emotional stress, protein deficient diets

• - What is the estimated biological value regarding protein?- Give examples of foods closest to the highest rate.- What can we do about low biological value foods?

  Number given on scale of 1-100 indicates:
  
  How well nutrients from food --> can be made into body protein
  
  (more EAA --> closer to perfect protein)
  
  Closest to 100
  - eggs
  - meat
  - fish
  - poultry
  - dairy
  
  Food with low biological value can be used in combination with other protein-rich foods --> to form complete protein

• 1.3 Supplementation

• What can you say about protein supplements and how our body reacts to them?

  We can't assign what protein supplements will do
  
  --> our body uses it for what is required at time of consumption
  
  --> supplement will not necessarily build body mass
  
  - Athlete protein needs = higher than other individuals

• 2 Protein deficiencies

• Kwashiorkor and marasmus play a big role in protein intake.- Tell me more about what they involve and what the symptoms are.

  1. Kwashiorkor
  - seen in developing countries or countries with food security issues
  - caused from lack of protein in diet
  - affects mainly children
  - appear pot-bellied
  
  Symptoms
  - preschool children (1-5y)
  - oedema present
  - flaky paint like skin
  - ribs not very prominent
  
  2. Marasmus
  - seen in developing countries or countries with food security issues
  - also evident in states of starvation (anorexia nervosa)
  - caused by near or total starvation from lack of kcal
  
  Symptoms
  - weakend infants (<1y)
  - prominent ribs
  - old man face

• Name at least 5 symptoms of Anorexia Nervosa

  - Thin and dry hair
  
  - Brittle nails
  
  - Dry skin
  
  - Sleeplessness + light headednesss
  
  - Loss subcutaneous fat
  
  - Edema
  
  - Constipation
  
  - Slower reflexes
  
  - Mild anemia

• Name at least 5 symptoms of protein deficiency

  - Loss of bone mass
  
  - Stomach bloating
  
  - Edema
  
  - Anemia
  
  - Lowered resistance to infection
  
  - Scaly appearance of skin with sores that won't heal
  
  - Brittle and slow growing hair and nails