Read the summary and the most important questions on Politics, ethics and practice

• 1 Week 1

• 1.2 Inleiding

• Why does top-down advice in advising situations not work according to Wolff?

  It is a kind of Utopian Engineering (Karl Popper). Philosophy is too much of an extreme and ideal theory to work in the real world.

• Which 3 steps do you have to follow to get to an overlapping consensus when you are giving an advice, according to Wolff?

  1. Identify all causes of moral difficulties and differences.
  2. Test all parties' positions on possible changes
  3. Undermine yourself

• What are the 6 reasons that facts cannot always answer any questions of our life?

  1. Empirical and scientific evidence is often complex and conflicting
  2. We may reasonably disagree about the relative weight of different considerations
  3. Concepts are vague and subject to hard cases
  4. The way we assess evidence and with values can be shaped by our total life experience
  5. Different normative considerations on different sides can make overall assessment difficult
  6. The number of values any social institution or corporation can deliver is difficult

• Which three limits do you have to respect in order to become a reasonable person?

  1. Do not reject ideas as unproven/unprovable but accept them as being, for now
  2. Do not expect others to make room for your ideas but make room for their ideas yourself
  3. Do not just test, undermine and if possible, refute others' ideas and claims but let them do it to you, and accept the results

• 2 Week 2

• 2.1 Ethics, the basics

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• How does the correspondence method work when you are determining when a fact a fact is?

  If proposition p corresponds to phenomenon f.

• How does the coherence method work when you are determining when a fact a fact is?

  P is more or less likely to be true the more/less it is logically consistent within a set P of propositions

• Why is it that we have no idea what facts are, even if we are using the correspondence or coherence method?

  The correspondence theory is not sufficient enough and it has to rely on the coherence method, which is based on social constructions and not on reality

• What are the three types of logic?

  1. Classical logic
  2. Fuzzy logic
  3. Citizen's logic

• Historically speaking, why did ethics come into being in the Greek and Chinese society?

  In the Greek and Chinese society people lived in harmony with nature inside the people and outside in the world. Humans did not know what to do, and began to make a distinction between the right and the wrong ways to acts, because we have to follow a certain standard to live in accordance with the ideal of living in harmony with nature

• What was the basic idea of virtue that was invented by the Greek and the Chinese and was dominant until the 1700?

  The idea that a virtue is a capacity that is both useful for you and for society