Creating New Identities (750-900) - The Shift to the East in the Islamic World - The Abbasid Reconfiguration
13 important questions on Creating New Identities (750-900) - The Shift to the East in the Islamic World - The Abbasid Reconfiguration
Where lay the power base of the Umayyads?
- Their power base was Syria. There they rewarded their hard-core followers and took the lion's share of conquered land for themselves.
- They expected every other district to send its taxes to their offers at Damascus.
What was the relationship between the Umayyads and the imam?
Why did multiple groups start to complain about the Umayyads?
- The Umayyads privileged an elite; Arabs who had expected a a fair division of the spoils were disappointed.
- So too were non-Arabs who converted to Islam: they discovered that they had still to pay the old taxes of their non-believing days.
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What were the two main centers of resistance?
Who is the Abbasid family? When and how did they defeat the Umayyads?
- The Abbasid family was an extended kin group with deep-rooted claims to the caliphate, tracing its lineage back to the very uncle who had cared for the orphaned Muhammad.
- With militant supporters, considerable money, and the backing of a powerful propaganda organization, the Abbasids organized an army in Khurasan and, marching undefeated into Iraq, picked up more support there.
- In 750 the last Umayyad caliph, Marwan II, abandoned by almost everyone and on the run in Egypt, was killed in a short battle. Al-Saffah was then solemnly named the first Abbasid caliph.
What did the Abbasids do after coming to power in 750?
- The Abbasids recognized the crucial centrality of Iraq and built their capital city, Baghdad, there.
- The Abbasids took the title of imam and even, at one point, wore the green color of the Shi'ites.
What did al Mansur do with Baghdad?
- When building Baghdad, Caliph al-Mansur (r.754-775) allotted important tracts of real estate to his Khurasan military leaders.
- In the course of time, as Baghdad prospered and land prices rose, the Khurasani came to constitute a new, exclusive, and jealous elite.
What did the Abbasids succeed in?
How did the Abbasids do in terms of control over their territory?
- Until the beginning of the tenth century, the Abbasid caliphs generally could count on ruling Iraq (their "headquarters"), Syria, Khurasan, and Egypt.
- But they never conquered the Iberian Peninsula or the Berbers of Morocco, and they lost real power over Ifriqiya (today Tunisia) by about 800.
- In the course of the tenth century, they would lose effective authority even in their heartlands.
How did the Abbasids do in terms of control over their territory?
- Until the beginning of the tenth century, the Abbasid caliphs generally could count on ruling Iraq (their "headquarters"), Syria, Khurasan, and Egypt.
- But they never conquered the Iberian Peninsula or the Berbers of Morocco, and they lost real power over Ifriqiya (today Tunisia) by about 800.
- In the course of the tenth century, they would lose effective authority even in their heartlands.
How did the Abbasids compare to the Byzantines?
- The Abbasids did not need soldiers to stave off external enemies or to expand outwards.
- The caliphs led raids to display their prowess, not to take territory. The serious naval wars that took Sicily from Byzantium were launched from Ifriqiya, virtually independent of the caliphs.
- Rather, the Abbasids needed troops to collect taxes in areas already conquered but weekly controlled.
What was the Islamic world like under the Abbasids?
- Under the Abbasids, the Islamic world became wealthy.
- The Mediterranean region had always been a great trade corridor; in the ninth century, Baghdad took advantage of a still wider network that included India, China, and the Khazar Empire. They also turned to sub-Saharan Africa, where urban centers along the Niger river had long been active in commerce, manufacturing, and agriculture.
- In the time of the Abbasids, the Berbers, once enslaved by the Umayyads, had become organized and were themselves the slavers.
How were Sub-Saharan entrepots used?
- Sub-Saharan entreports such as Zawila to the east and Sijilmasa in the far west were staging points for traffic in gold, food, ivory, animal skins, and enslaved human cargo.
- From Timbuktu, Gao, Marandet, and other West African towns, Berber traders made good use of oases such as Zawila in the Frazzan as stopping points on the way to coastal cities like Tunis and Tripoli as well as the more distant cities of Cordoba and Cairo.
- The traders returned south laden with textiles, ceramics, glass, armor, and other manufactured goods.
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