Creating New Identities (750-900) - Byzantium: From Turning within to Cautious Expansion - Christianity and the Rise of East Central Europe

12 important questions on Creating New Identities (750-900) - Byzantium: From Turning within to Cautious Expansion - Christianity and the Rise of East Central Europe

Which new groups entered Byzantium?

  • New groups, mainly of Slavic and Turkic origins, entered, created ephemeral political entities, and then disappeared.
  • For a time, much of the whole region was dominated by the Avars, Turkic-speaking warrior pastoralists who created a great empire on the Pannonian Plain.

How did East Central Europe take political shape?

East Central Europe took political shape like a carpet unrolled from south to north; Bulgaria was the first to become a fairly permanent state, Lithuania the last.

What did the Byzantines and Franks do in the ninth century?

  • In the ninth century, Byzantines (Orthodox Christians) and Franks (Roman Catholics) competed to take advantage of the new political stability in the region.
  • For these proselytizers, spreading the Gospel had not only spiritual but also political advantages: it was a way to bring border regions under their respective spheres of influence.
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What did conversion to Christianity mean for East Central European states?

For the East Central European states, conversion to Christianity meant new institutions to buttress the ruling classes, recognition by one or another of the prestigious heirs of Rome, and enhanced economic and military opportunities.

What did Constantine (later called Cyril) and Methodius do?

  • They set out in 863 armed with translations of the Gospels and liturgical texts.
  • Constantine devised an alphabet using Greek letters to represent the sounds of one Slavic dialect (the "Glagolitic" alphabet). He then added Greek words and grammar where the Slavic lacked Christian vocabulary and suitable expressions.
  • The resulting language, later called Old Church Slavonic, was an effective tool for conversion.

What language was used in the Byzantine Church and Roman Church?

The Byzantine Church was willing to work with different regional linguistic and cultural traditions. This contrasted with the Roman Church, which insisted that the Gospels and liturgy be in Latin.

Where did the Byzantine brand of Christianity prevail?

The Byzantine brand of Christianity prevailed in Bulgaria, Serbia and later Russia.

What did Khan Boris do?

The hostile relations between the Bulgar rulers and the Byzantine emperors diminished, and around 864, Khan Boris (r.852-889) not only converted to Christianity under Byzantine auspices but also adopted the name of the Byzantine emperor of the time, Michael III (r.842-867), becoming Boris-Michael.

What two separate peoples where there in Bulgaria?

The Bulgar khan governed two disparate peoples: Bulgar warrior-pastoralists and a large Christian population of Greek-speaking former Byzantines.

What did the Bulgar khan do for the Greek-speaking former Byzantines?

  • For those, he was obliged to take on the trappings of a Byzantine ruler. He employed Greeks to administer his state, used Greek officials in his writing-office, authenticated his documents with Byzantine-style seals, and adopted Byzantine court ceremonies.
  • In addition, in the course of the ninth century, Bulgar contact with Byzantines increased as a result of Greek refugees fleeing - and war-prisoners being forced - into the Bulgar state.

What did the pagan religion of the Bulgars involve? What did that imply?

The pagan religion of the Bulgars involved practices rather than dogma. It was therefore possible (though hardly easy) to convert by exchanging one sort of act with another.

Did Boris submit to Byzantium?

Boris made clear that he had no intention of becoming subservient to Byzantium. Similarly, he arranged for an archbishop independent of Constantinople to live near him at Pliska, his capital city.

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