Creating New Identities (750-900) - Byzantium: From Turning within to Cautious Expansion - New Icons, New Armies, New Territories
7 important questions on Creating New Identities (750-900) - Byzantium: From Turning within to Cautious Expansion - New Icons, New Armies, New Territories
What did Irene decide at Nicaea in 787? What happened next?
- The council that she called at Nicaea in.787 to condemn iconoclasm recognized political reality: most people in the provinces were deeply attached to icons, and so were the other patriarchs, not least the pope at Rome.
- But the council of 787 went further than many iconophiles liked: it created a cult of images. Christians were to prostrate themselves before icons, kiss them and keep them lit perpetually.
- A partial ban on icons was put into effect between 815 and 843. At that point the iconoclastic period definitively came to an end.
What happened as a result of the end of iconoclasm?
Why had the system of territorial strategiai been reformed?
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What are key elements of the reformed army?
- In the eighth century, the emperors divided the imperial army into smaller regional units (called themes: themata; sing thema) led by less powerful generals (still called strategoi).
- Emperor Constantine V (r.741-775) created mobile regiments of heavy cavalry. At first deployed largely around Constantinople itself to shore up the emperors, the tagmata were eventually used in cautious frontier battles.
How did the Byzantines do in war from the ninth century to the first half of the tenth century?
What did the Byzantines do when the Muslims attacked?
What did Emperor Leo VI do?
- In 900, Emperor Leo VI (r.886-912) was confident enough to go on the offensive, sending the tagmata in the direction of Tarsus.
- The raid was a success, and in its wake at least one princely family in Armenia broke off its alliance with the Arabs, entered imperial service, and ceded its principality to Byzantium.
- Reorganized as the theme of Mesopotamia, it was the first of a series of new themes that Leo created in an area that had been largely a no-man's-land between the Islamic and Byzantine worlds.
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