Creating New Identities (750-900) - An Empire in Spite of Itself - The Carolingian Renaissance
11 important questions on Creating New Identities (750-900) - An Empire in Spite of Itself - The Carolingian Renaissance
Where did many monasteries and churches invest in?
What does Caroline minuscule entail?
- Quick to write and easy to read, "Caroline minuscule" lasted into the eleventh century, when it gave way to a more angular script, today called "Gothic."
- Caroline minuscule was then rediscovered in the fourteenth century - by scholars who thought that it represented ancient Roman writing - and it became the model for modern lower-case printed fonts.
What did the Carolingians encourage to develop music?
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What does the Gregorian chant mean? How did they implement it?
- It meant that every monk and priest had to learn a year's worth of Roman music. A few cantors were imported from Rome, but without a system of notation, it was easy to forget new tunes.
- Thus, Carolingian scribes experimented with notes: in the ninth century these were little more than dots and dashes above the words of the liturgy to remind the singers of the melody. By the end of the Middle Ages, notes had begun to resemble those used in today's musical scores.
Who was Alcuin? What did he do?
- Alcuin, perhaps the most famous of the Carolingian intellectuals, was "imported" by Charlemagne from England - where, as we have seen, monastic scholarship flourished - to become a key advisor to Charlemagne.
- He eventually became abbot of Saint-Martin of Tours, where he orchestrated the production of an authoritative edition of the Bible, the so-called Vulgate.
What is the story behind Gisela?
- She was Charlemagne's sister. She too was a key royal advisor, the one who alerted the others at home about Charlemagne's imperial coronation at Rome in 800.
- She was also abbess of Chelles, near Paris, a center of manuscript production. Chelles had a library, and its nuns were well educated.
- They wrote learned letters and composed a history that treated the rise of the Carolingians as a tale of struggle between brothers, sons, and fathers eased by the wise counsel of mothers, aunts and sisters.
How well was social mobility organised in the Carolingian Renaissance?
- One of Charlemagne's capitularies ordered that the cathedrals and monasteries of his kingdom should teach reading and writing to all who could learn.
- There were enough complaints (by rich people) about upstart peasants who found a place at court that we may be sure that some talented sons of the poor were getting an education.
- A few churchmen expressed the hope that schools for "children" would be established even in small villages and hamlets.
What did Dhuoda prove?
- Dhuoda proves that education was available even to laywomen. We would never know about her had she not worried enough about her absent child to write a Handbook for Her Son full of advice.
- It is clear in this deeply felt moral text that Dhuoda was drawing on an excellent education: she obviously knew the Bible, writings of the Church Fathers, Gregory the Great, and "moderns," like Alcuin.
How did Carolingian art and architecture mark a turning point?
- Merovingian culture had not stressed artistic expression, though some of the monasteries inspired by Saint Columbanes produced a few illuminated manuscripts.
- By contrast, the Carolingians, admirers and imitators of Christian Rome, vigorously promoted a vast, eclectic, and ideologically motivated program of art and architecture.
What inspired Carolingian artists?
- Carolingian artists were inspired by still other traditions. Consider the light, impressionistic style of the Roman Empire in its heyday - the busy, almost dancing figures.
- These too were mirrored - and refracted - in the Carolingian Empire, as we may see in the Utrecht Psalter, commissioned by Archbishop Ebbo of Reims and executed at a nearby monastery.
What forms the foundation of all subsequent Western art?
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