Political Communities Reordered (900-1050) - Byzantium: The Strengths and Limits of Centralization - A Wide Embrace and Its Tensions
12 important questions on Political Communities Reordered (900-1050) - Byzantium: The Strengths and Limits of Centralization - A Wide Embrace and Its Tensions
How did Emperor Basil portray himself? On what achievements did he built?
- Emperor Basil II (r.976-1025) liked to portray himself as a tireless warrior.
- As ruler of the Byzantine Empire for nearly fifty years, Basil built on the achievements of his predecessors. They had pushed the Byzantine frontiers north to the Danube (taking half of the Bulgarian Empire), east beyond the Euphrates, and south to Antioch, Crete, and Cyprus.
- Basil thus inherited a fairly secure empire except for the threat from Rus', further to the north. This he defanged through a diplomatic and religious alliance.
What challenged Basil's position?
- Basil's position was challenged by powerful landowning families from whose ranks his two predecessors had come.
What did members of the provincial elite benefit from? How were they called?
- Members of the provincial elite - military and government officers, bishops, abbots, and others - benefited from a general quickening of the economy and the rise of new urban centers.
- They took advantage of their ascendency by buying land from still impoverished peasants as yet untouched by the economic upswing.
- They were called dynatoi, "powerful men."
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What two political goals did Basil have?
What attacks did Basil launch?
- South to Syria and beyond
- East all the way to Georgia and Armenia
- Southwest to southern Italy
- West to the Balkans, where he conquered the whole of the Bulgarian Empire and reached the Adriatic coast.
What is considered to be Basil's defining feat? What epithet is given to him?
What has Catherine Holmes stressed?
How was the Byzantine Empire changed by the time of Basil's death?
- By the time of Basil's death in 1025, the Byzantine Empire was no longer the tight fist centered on Anatolia that it had been in the dark days of the eighth century.
- On the contrary, it was an open hand: sprawling, multi-ethnic, and multilingual.
- To the east it embraced Armenians, Syrians, and Arabs; to the north it included Slavs and Bulgarians (by now themselves Slavic speaking) as well as Pechenegs, a Turkic group that had served as allies of Bulgaria; to the west, in the Byzantine toe of Italy, the Byzantine Empire included Lombards, Italians, and Greeks.
Who did the emperor employ as his elite troops?
What limits in the Byzantine Empire were there for openness?
- Toward the middle of the eleventh century, the Jews of Constantinople were expelled and resettled in a walled quarter in Pera, on the other side of the Golden Horn.
- Even though they did not expel Jews so dramatically, many other Byzantine cities forbade Jews from mixing with Christians.
- Around the same time, the rights of Jews as "Roman citizens" were denied; henceforth, in law at least, they had only servile status. The Jewish religion was condemned as a heresy.
What political impliciations did ethnic diversity have?
How did the emperor do against rebellious provincial dynatoi such as Dalasseni?
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