Division and Development in the Islamic world - The Emergence of Regional Powers - The Fatimids

9 important questions on Division and Development in the Islamic world - The Emergence of Regional Powers - The Fatimids

To what religion did the Fatimids belong?

  • They, like the Qaramita (and, increasingly in the course of time, the Buyids), were Shi'ites, taking their name from Muhammad's daughter Fatimah, wife of Ali.
  • The Fatimids professed a particular form of Shi'ism called Isma'ilism. The Fatimid leader claimed not only to be the true imam, descendant of Ali, but also the Mahdi, the "divinely guided" messiah, come to bring justice on earth.
  • Because of this, the Fatimids were proclaimed "caliphs" by their followers - the true "successors" of the Prophet.

How did Islamic religious scholars often serve?

Islamic religious scholars often served as the human links among these regions, financing their many voyages to noted centers of learning by acting as merchants or mercantile agents.

What kept Egypt's economy buoyant?

A flourishing textile industry kept Egypt's economy buyont:
  • farmers produced flax
  • industrial laborers turned the plant fibers into linen
  • tailors cut and sewed garments
  • traders exported the products from each phase or sold them at home.

Public and private investment in both the agricultural and industrial sites of flax production guaranteed its success.
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How do we know about this vibrant Egyptian society?

We know about this vibrant Egyptian society in part because of a trove of archival materials left by the Jewish community of Fustat.

What did the Jews establish in Fustat?

  • Following custom, the Jews there established a geniza - a repository for anything containing the name of God.
  • While materials in genizot were usually destined for burial, the ones at Fustat just kept piling up, starting in the eleventh century and continuing for a thousand years.
  • In effect, the geniza at Fustat served as the garbage dump for everything in Hebrew that was worn out or no longer needed.    

What did the documents from the Fatimid period reveal?

The documents from the Fatimid period - including letters, amulets, contracts, lawsuits, even shopping lists - reveal a cosmopolitan, middle-class community that served as a linchpin for the trade that flourished across the Mediterranean Sea and beyond.

What did the Fatimids do about Cairo?

Wealthy and sophisticated, the Fatimids created a new capital city, Cairo, filling it with palaces, libraries, shops, pavilions, gardens, private houses, and mosques which, following the Shi'ite practice of calling the congregation to prayer from the mosque door or roof, lacked minarets.

Why was the cemetery at Aswan so large?

Because the Fatimids, like the Shi'ites, emphasized the commemoration of the dead. They filled the large Fatimid cemetery at Aswan with mudbrick tombs and mausolea (buildings for burials).

When did the Fatimids achieve the height of their power? When did their regime weaken?

  • The Fatimids achieved the height of their power before the mid-eleventh century.
  • But during the rule of al-Mustansir (1036-1094), economic and climatic woes, factional fighting within the army, and a rebellion by Turkish troops weakened the regime.
  • By the 1070s, the Fatimid caliphate had lost most of Syria and North Africa to other rulers.

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