Empires of Land and Mind (1250-1350) - The Expansion of the Islamic World - The Mongols Conquer ... and Settle Down
12 important questions on Empires of Land and Mind (1250-1350) - The Expansion of the Islamic World - The Mongols Conquer ... and Settle Down
What evolution did the Mongols have under Chinggis Khan?
- Under Chinggis Khan the Mongols evolved from pastoralists and raiders to conquerors and settlers.
- In the course of the thirteenth century, they picked off the states to their south, east, and west, one right after the other.
What reputation did the Mongols get? What were things they did after conquering?
- Sometimes killing everyone in a city, they gained a reputation for murder and mayhem.
- Often, too, they left a belt of destruction around their conquests, not incidentally creating a path for their armies and their storied "postal service" as well as pastureland for their animals.
- Frequently they evacuated whole cities, despoiling them utterly before allowing the inhabitants back in.
What did the Mongols do to the people they conquered?
- The young men of conquered territories were forced into their armies as "arrow folder," while seasoned warriors who defected to the Mongols were welcomed.
- Artisans - especially weapons-makers and weavers - were relocated to serve the Mongols' needs, as were physicians, astronomers, astrologers, bureaucrats, engineers, and many other talented professionals.
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What were the twin pillars of Chinggis?
How did the Mongol Empire divide their empire?
Who dominated the westernmost quadrant of the Mongol Empire?
- The westernmost quadrant was dominated by the so-called Golden Horde ("horde" derived from the Turkic word for "khan's residence").
- Settled along the lower Volga River valley, the Mongols of the Golden Horde combined traditional pastoralism with more sedentary concerns, founding cities and fostering trade.
With what did the Golden Horde identify?
- Despite their favorable treatment of the Orthodox Church, the Mongols of the Golden Horde did not become Christian.
- Rather, they chose to identify with their Ilkhanid brethren and to adopt Islam.
What did Ghazan Khan do? Who followed his actions?
- Right at the start of his reign, Ghazan Khan (r.1295-1304) broke with the Mongols of China (who had adopted Tibetan Buddhism) and converted to Islam, adhering to the religion of much of the population living in his area of control.
- The Golden Horde followed suit in 1313 and the Chaghataids, who ruled Central Asia, adopted Islam in the 1330s.
What does the "Mongol exchange" mean?
- It tied together the eastern and western hemispheres of the empire.
- At the core of the Mongol exchange was the desire, even the need, for goods to circulate.
What did the constant trade symbolize?
What made the Mongol realm different?
- What was different in the Mongol realm was the sheer expense of their networks. The Mongols patronized and attracted artists, poets, and scientists.
- They wanted - and could pay for - fine silks, fashionable clothing, musicians, porcelain tableware, and costly weapons.
What trend did the Mongols facilitate?
- They facilitated the Eurasian pathways that inspired merchants such as the Italian Polo brothers to trade with China and that enabled Franciscan missionaries there to set up a Church, complete with bishops and archbishops.
- In a sense, the Mongols initiated the taste for exploration, exotic goods, and missionary opportunities that culminated in the European "discovery" of what they called the Americans.
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