The West: Fragmentation and Resilience - Public Power and Private Relationships - Lords and Peasants
7 important questions on The West: Fragmentation and Resilience - Public Power and Private Relationships - Lords and Peasants
Who were at the lowest end of the social scale?
- At the lowest end of the social scale were those who worked: the peasants.
- In many regions of Europe, as power fell into the hands of local rulers, the distinction between "free" and "unfree" peasants began to blur; many peasants simply became "serfs," dependents of lords.
- This was a heavy dependency, without prestige or honor.
What agricultural innovations arose in the tenth century?
What did some lords to get greater profit?
- Some lords lightened the dues and services of peasants temporarily to allow them to open up new lands by draining marshes and cutting down forests.
- Other lords converted dues and labor services into money payments to provide themselves with ready cash.
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Why did peasants benefit from paying fixed rents immune to inflation?
What happened in the settlements in the eleventh century, and increasingly so in the twelfth?
Boundary markers - sometimes simple stones, at other times real fortifications - announced not only the physical limits of the village but also its identity as a community.
Why depended villagers on each other?
What happened in places where the power of kings was weak?
- Where the power of kings was weak, peasant obligations became part of systems of local rule.
- As landlords consolidated their power over their manors, they collected not only dues and services but also fees for the use of their flour mills, bake houses, and breweries.
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