New Configurations (1050-1150) - Economic Networks in Europe and Beyond - Urban Arrangements
7 important questions on New Configurations (1050-1150) - Economic Networks in Europe and Beyond - Urban Arrangements
What is dubbed the "commercial revolution" by historians?
What did merchants succeed in in the first half of the twelfth century?
Which ports were important in trade? What made these ports important?
- Active in cross-Mediterranean trading networks were the ports of Alexandria and al-Andalus, the most important of which was Almeria, from which were exported timber, oil, fruit, gold, and luxury silks.
- The ships that plied such routes made good use of important intermediate commercial centers in Sicily and above all at Kairouan, the Tunisian port of call for trans-Saharan gold and slaves.
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Where were iron and beer used for?
- Iron was for the first time regularly used for agricultural tools, plows, and weapons.
- Beer, a major source of nutrition in the north of Europe, moved from the domestic hearth and monastic estates to urban centers, where brewers gained special privileges to ply their trade.
What does the "commune" within the walls mean?
- The political counterpart of the walls was the "commune" - town self-government.
- City dwellers were keenly aware of their special identity in a world dominated by knights and peasants. They recognized their mutual interest in reliable coinage, laws facilitating commerce, freedom from servile dues and services, and independence to buy and sell as the market dictated.
- They petitioned or rebelled against the political powers that ruled over them - bishops, kings, counts, castellans, dukes - for the right to govern themselves.
When did Italian communes began? Name a popular example.
- Italy's political life had long been city-centered, and communes there began already in the second half of the eleventh century.
- At Milan, popular discontent with the archbishop, who effectively ruled the city, led to numerous armed clashes that ended, in 1097, with the transfer of power from the archbishop to a government of leading men of the city.
What did King Henry I do?
- King Henry I of England freed the citizens of London from numerous customary taxes while granting them the right to "appoint as sheriff from themselves whomsoever they may choose, and they shall appoint from among themselves as justice whomsoever they choose to look after pleas of my crown."
- It was an example of a movement striving for urban independence.
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