Prelude: The Roman World Transformed (300-600) - The Provincialization of the Empire (250-350) - A New Religion
15 important questions on Prelude: The Roman World Transformed (300-600) - The Provincialization of the Empire (250-350) - A New Religion
What marks the Empire of Constantine?
Why is Palestine remarkable as province?
Chafing under Roman dominion, experimenting with new notions of morality and new ethical lifestyles, the Jews of Palestine gave birth to religious groups of breathtaking originality.
What happened after Jesus' death? What was the core belief of Jesus?
- After his death, under the impetus of the Jew-turned-Christian Paul (d.67), a new and radical brand of monotheism in Jesus's name was actively preached to Gentiles (non-Jews), not only in Palestine, but also beyond.
- Its core belief was that men and women were saved, that is, redeemed and accorded eternal life in heaven, by their faith in Jesus - at once the son of God and the Messiah (that is, the savior, the Christ, the anointed one).
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How did Romans deal with religions from conquered provincials?
What attractions did Christianity bring?
- Romans and other city-dwellers of the middle class could never hope to become part of the educated upper crust. Christianity gave them dignity by substituting "the elect" - those saved by God - for the elite.
- Education, long and expensive, was the ticket into Roman high society. Christians had their own solid, less expensive knowledge. It was the key to an even "higher" society - the one in Heaven.
Who were attracted to Christianity? What influence did it have on these people?
- Christianity attracted women and men who had never been given the chance to feel truly Roman.
- Men and women whose horizons in earlier times would have stretched no farther than their village now took to the roads as traders - or confronted a new cosmopolitanism right at their doorsteps.
Why did the Roman establishment persecute Christians? Why didn't they persecute Roman Jews?
- The old religion feared that the gods were venting their wrath on the Empire because Christians, most of whom were Roman citizens, would not carry out the proper sacrifices.
- Roman Jews also refused to honor the pagan gods, but Roman officialdom could usually tolerate Jewish practices as part of their particular cultural identity.
- Christians, however, claimed their God not only for themselves but for all.
How were the Christians organised in the Roman Empire?
- Gathered into "churches" (from the Greek word, ekklesia, meaning "assembly"), they formed a two-tiered institution.
- At the bottom were the people (the "laity," from the Greek laikos, meaning "of the people").
- Above them were the clergy (from the Greek word kleros, meaning "lot," or inheritance").
- In turn, the clergy were supervised by a regional bishop, assisted by his "presbyters" (from the Greek presbyteroi, "elders," the priests who served with the bishops), deacons, and lesser servitors.
What happened in the Edict of Milan?
- Christianity was officially recognised in this edict in 313.
- In the so-called Edict of Milan, Emperors Licinius and Constantine declared toleration for all the religions in the Empire "so that whatever divinity is enthroned in heaven may be gracious and favorable to us."
Who was the chief force behind the Edict?
What was Constantine's relationship with Christianity?
What is the story behind Constantinople?
- Under Constantine, the ancient Greek city of Byzantium became a new Christian city, residence of emperors, and named for the emperor himself: Constantinople.
- The bishop of Constantinople became a patriarch, a "superbishop," equal to the bishops of Antioch and Alexandria, although not as important as the bishop of Rome.
What is the Council of Nicaea?
What did Theodosius I (379-395) do?
- Emperor Theodosius (379-395) declared, in a series of laws, that the form of Christianity determined at the Council of Nicaea applied to all.
- Christianity was now the official religion of the Roman Empire.
Who are the Donatists? What did they do?
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