New Configurations (1050-1150) - New Forms of Learning and Religious Expression - The New Schools and What They Taught
7 important questions on New Configurations (1050-1150) - New Forms of Learning and Religious Expression - The New Schools and What They Taught
What did traditional schools train young men to be?
To what were the best schools generally connected by the end of the eleventh century?
What were the seven liberal arts? What is the trivium?
- Grammar, rhetoric, and logic (or dialectic) belonged to the "beginning" arts, the so-called trivium.
- Grammar and rhetoric focused on literature and writing. Logic - involving the technical analysis of texts as well as the application and manipulation of arguments - was a transitional subject leading to the second, higher part of the liberal arts, the quadrivium.
- This covered four areas of study that today would be called theoretical math and science: arithmetic (number theory), geometry, music (theory rather than practice), and astronomy.
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What did Peter Abelard say about belief?
- He drew together conflicting authoritative texts on 158 key subjects in his Sic et Non (Yes and No).
- The issues that he dealt with included matters of belief, such as "That God is one and the contrary," and of morality, such as, "That it is permitted to kill men and the contrary."
- The easiest way to reconcile different authorities, he advised, was "to admit that the same words are given different meanings by different authors."
What did Peter Lombard do?
- Peter Lombard (c.1100-1160) adopted Abelard's method of juxtaposing discordant viewpoints, but he also supplied his own resolutions.
- In this way, he created the most widely read theology textbook by the Middle Ages: the Four Books of Sentences.
Where did Western scholars travel to?
Who were important for "rulers with clout"?
- Particularly important for "rulers with clout" were the scholars at Bologna, where Gratian worked on canon law.
- Other scholars achieved fame by teaching and writing about Roman law. By the mid-twelfth century, they had made real progress toward a systematic understanding of Justinian's law codes.
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