The West: Fragmentation and Resilience - New Peoples Arrive in the West - Vikings

8 important questions on The West: Fragmentation and Resilience - New Peoples Arrive in the West - Vikings

Where did the Vikings cross?

  • Some Vikings crossed the Atlantic, making themselves at home in Iceland or continuing on to Greenland or, in about 1000, reaching the coast of the North American mainland.
  • Lesser man had a foothold in Ireland, Scotland, and England.

How did Ireland and Scotland differ in their approach to newcomers?

  • In Ireland, the newcomers added their own claim to rule an island already fragmented among several competing dynasties.
  • In Scotland, however, in the face of Norse settlements in the north and west, the natives drew together under kings who allied themselves with churchmen and other powerful local leaders.

What did Cináed mac Ailpín do?

Cináed mac Ailpín (Kenneth I MacAlpin; d.858) established a hereditary dynasty of kings, and by c.900, most people in Alba, the nucleus of the future Scotland, shared a common sense of Scottish identity.
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Was England difficult to capture for the Vikings?

Initially divided into small and competing kingdoms, it was weak prey in the face of the Vikings. By the end of the ninth century, the newcomers were plowing fields in northeastern England and living in accordance with their own laws, giving the region the name Danelaw.

What did king Alfred the Great do?

  • In Wessex, the southernmost English kingdom, King Alfred the Great (r.871-899) bought time and peace by paying tribute to the invaders with the income from a new tax, later called the Danegeld, which eventually became the basis of a relatively lucrative taxation system in England.
  • In 878, inspiring the previously cowed English to follow him, Alfred led a series of raids against the Vikings in his kingdom, eventually camping outside their stronghold until their leader surrendered and accepted baptism. 

How did Alfred ease the pressure of invasion?

The pressure of invasion eased somewhat as Alfred reorganized his army, set up a network of strongholds (burhs), and created a fleet of ship - a real navy.

What happened in Normandy in 911?

The invaders were absorbed above all in Normandy, where in 911 their leader Rollo converted to Christianity and received Normandy as a duchy from the Frankish king Charles the Simple.

What kind of lifestyle did the Normans have?

Although many of the Normans adopted sedentary ways, some of their descendants in the early eleventh century ventured to the Mediterranean, where they established themselves as rulers of pretty principalities in southern Italy. From there, in 1061, the Normans began the conquest of Sicily.

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