Crises and Consolidations - Discontents in Town and Countryside - Economic Decline

5 important questions on Crises and Consolidations - Discontents in Town and Countryside - Economic Decline

What ended after 1340? What came instead?

  • After 1340, with the disintegration of the Mongol Empire, easy trade relations between Europe and the Far East ended.
  • Within Europe, rulers' war machines were fueled by new taxes and loans - some of them forced.

What consequences did war have economically?

War did more than gobble up capital. Where armies raged, production stopped. Even in intervals of peace, roving bands of out-of-work mercenaries attacked not only the countryside but also merchants on the roads.

What happened in the Baltic region as a result of population decline?

As the population declined and the demand for grain decreased, the Baltic region - chief supplier of rye to the rest of Europe - suffered badly; by the fifteenth century, some villages had disappeared.
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Where did the center of economic growth shift to?

The center of economic growth was shifting northwards, from the Mediterranean to the European heartlands.

Where was a new slave trade emerging?

  • Dominated by Genoa, Venice, and the Mamluk sultanate, slave traders profited from people captured in wars or raids or (in the case of children) sold by parents. They were transported across the Black Sea for purchase by wealthy elites.
  • The Mamluks groomed boys for army duty and service at court. The Venetians and Genoese exploited women as convenient sexual partners. Everywhere enslaved women and men did household labor and acted as servants.  

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