The Elasticity and Rigidity of Europe - Strengthened Monarchs and Their Adaptations - The English Parliament
3 important questions on The Elasticity and Rigidity of Europe - Strengthened Monarchs and Their Adaptations - The English Parliament
What was the role of barons in English parliament?
- The consultative role of the barons at court had been formalized by the guarantees of Magna Carta.
- When Henry III (r.1216-1272) was crowned at the age of nine, a council consisting of a few barons, professional administrators, and a papal legate governed in his name.
- Although not quite "rule by Parliament," this council set a precedent for baronial participation in government.
What did the barons do at Oxford in 1258?
- At Oxford in 1258, they forced Henry to dismiss his foreign advisors (he had favored Frenchmen, the Lusignans).
- Henceforth, he was to rule with the advice of a Council of Fifteen, chosen jointly by the barons and the king, and to limit the terms of his chief officers.
What did Simon de Montfort do?
- A civil war erupted in 1264. At the battle of Lewes in the same year, the leader of the baronial opposition, Simon de Montfort (c.1208-1265), routed the king's forces, captured the king, and became England's de facto ruler.
- The importance of the knights of the shire was clear to Simon de Montfort, who called a parliament in 1264 that included them; when he summoned another parliament in 1265, he added, for the first time ever, representatives of the towns - the "commons."
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