The Elasticity and Rigidity of Europe - Strengthened Monarchs and Their Adaptations - New Formations in East Central Europe
8 important questions on The Elasticity and Rigidity of Europe - Strengthened Monarchs and Their Adaptations - New Formations in East Central Europe
What did King Bela IV complain about? What was the greatest danger to his power?
- In Hungary, King Béla IV (r.1235-1270) complained that the Mongols had destroyed his kingdom.
- The greatest danger to his power came not from the outside but rather from the Hungarian nobles, who began to build castles for themselves.
Who did the Hungarian nobles elect?
What did Bulgaria experience in the wake of the Mongols?
- At the end of the twelfth century, Bulgaria had revolted against Byzantine rule and established the Second Bulgarian Empire.
- The Mongol invasions hit Bulgaria hard, and soon its neighbors were gnawing away at its borders.
- While the tsar took back much territory in the course of the early fourteenth century, feuding within the ruling family made a unified state impossible.
- Bulgaria was ripe for Ottoman conquest in the second half of the fourteenth century.
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What did Poland experience in the wake of the Mongols?
- When the Mongols entered, Poland was dominated by knights, whom seized whatever pleased him from the duke's inheritances.
- The Church favored kingship, and at the end of the thirteenth century an archbishop crowned Duke Przemysl II king.
- The title stuck, and Castimir III the Great (r.1333-1370) was able to declare his program to be "one prince, one law, one coinage".
- Casimir joined expeditions to conquer and convert the Lithuanians.
What did duke Gediminas do?
- Duke Gediminas (r.1315/1316-1341) flirted with Christian missionaries to build churches representing both the Roman Catholic and Orthodox Christian forms of worship, and he encouraged merchants from both regions to trade in his duchy.
- After declaring war against Teutonic Knights, he took Riga.
- By the time of his death, Lithuania was the major player in Eastern Europe.
What did the heirs of Gediminas do?
- Under the heirs of Gediminas, Lithuania continued its relentless expansion into Russia.
- After Jogaila (r.1377-1434) married the heiress of Poland, he converted to the Roman Catholic form of Christianity.
- Taking the Polish regal name Wladyslaw II, he united Poland and Lithuania under one ruler, creating a large and long-lasting state in East Central Europe.
How did Bohemian kings do?
- Ottokar II (r.1253-1278) and his son Vaclav II (r.1283-1305) welcomed settlers from Germany and Flanders and took advantage of newly discovered silver mines to consolidate their rule.
- Bohemia's Charles IV (r.1347-1378) even became Holy Roman Emperor.
- Bohemia's rulers styled themselves "king."
How did East Central Europe change c.1300?
- They were beginning to rely on written laws and administrative documents, and their nobles were becoming landlords and castellans.
- Their economies were increasingly urban and market-oriented, their constitutions were defined by charters reminiscent of Magna Carta, and their kings generally ruled with the help of representative institutions of one sort or another.
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