The Emergence of Sibling Cultures (600-750) - The Rise of the "best community": Islam - The Culture of the Umayyads
10 important questions on The Emergence of Sibling Cultures (600-750) - The Rise of the "best community": Islam - The Culture of the Umayyads
What followed the naming of Muhammad's succesion?
How did the first two caliphs rule and who were they?
How did the third caliph Uthman arouse resentment? What happened as a result?
- Uthman was a great-grandson of the Quraysh leader Umayyah.
- His family had come late to Islam, and some of its members had once even persecuted Muhammad.
- The opponents of the Umayyads supported Ali, the husband of Muhammad's daughter Fatimah.
- After a group of discontented soldiers murdered Uthman, civil war broke out between the Umayyads and Ali's faction.
- It ended when Ali was killed in 661 by one of his own erstwhile supporters. Thereafter, the caliphate remained in Umayyad hands until 750.
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Who is the Shi'ah and what did they do?
- The Shi'ah were the supporters of Ali.
- They became the "Shi'ites," faithful to Ali's dynasty, mourning his martyrdom, shunning the "mainstream" caliphs of the other Muslims ("Sunni" Muslims, as they were later called), awaiting the arrival of the true leader - the imam - who would spring from the house of Ali.
What did the Umayyads do with Damascus?
- The Umayyads made Damascus, previously a minor Byzantine city, into their capital.
- Here they adopted many of the institutions of the culture that they had conquered, employing former Byzantine officials as administrators and issuing coins like those of the Byzantines.
What did 'Abd al-Malik do with Jerusalem?
What did al-Whalid I do?
What does the Damascus mosque show?
What languages were used in the Islamic world?
- Arabic, the language of the Qur'an, became the official tongue of the Islamic world.
- As translators rendered important Greek and other texts into this newly prestigious language, it proved to be both flexible and capacious.
How did the economy improve in the Islamic world?
- The economy quickened as Caliph 'Abd al-Malik refurbished roads, standardized weights and measures, and helped turn the Red Sea into a busy trade route for Egyptian wheat, oil, and textiles to East Africa and Arabia.
- In return came gold, copper, ivory, and - requisitioned with depressing regularity by the caliph - hundreds of people captured in raids in Nubia (at the southern reaches of the Nile River).
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