Ambitions Realized and Thwarted (1150-1250) - The Church in the World - New Crusades, North and South
10 important questions on Ambitions Realized and Thwarted (1150-1250) - The Church in the World - New Crusades, North and South
What did Pope Innocent III demand?
What did the Albigensian Crusade mark?
How did people along the Baltic coast make a living in this period?
- By the twelfth century, the peoples living along the Baltic coast - partly pagan, mostly Slavic- or Baltic-speaking - had learned to make a living and even a profit from the inhospitable soil and climate.
- They supplied the rest of Europe and Rus' with slaves, furs, amber, wax, and dried fish.
- Like the earlier Vikings, they combined commercial competition with outright raiding, so the Danes and the Saxons (the Germans in Saxony) both benefited and suffered from their presence.
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What did Saint Bernard do?
- It was Saint Bernard (the most prestigious Cistercian of his day) who, while preaching the Second Crusade in Germany, urged the armed "conversion" of the people to the north.
- Thus began the Baltic Crusades, which continued intermittently until the early fifteenth century.
What did the king of Denmark and Henry the Lion do?
- In key raids in the 1160s and 1170s, the king of Denmark and Henry the Lion (duke of Saxony), worked together to bring much of the region between the Elbe and Oder Rivers under their control.
- They took some of the land outright, leaving the rest in the hands of the Baltic princes, who surrendered, converted, and became their vassals.
What did the bishop of Riga do?
- In 1202 the "bishop of Riga" - in fact he had to bring some Christians with him to his lonely outpost amidst the Livs - founded a military/monastic order called the Order of the Brothers of the Sword.
- The monks soon became a branch of the Teutonic Knights (or Teutonic order), a group originally founded in the Crusader States and vowed to a military and monastic rule like the Hospitallers and Templars.
What did the Teutonic Knights do? What did they conquer?
- The Knights organized crusades, defended newly conquered regions, and launched their own holy wars against the "Northern Saracens."
- By the end of the thirteenth century, they had brought the lands from Prussia to Estonia under their sway.
What lasting effects did the Baltic Crusade have?
What was an unanticipated consequence of the Fourth Crusade? Who called that crusade?
- Colonization was the unanticipated consequence of the Fourth Crusade as well.
- Called by Innocent III, who intended to re-establish the Christian presence in the Holy Land, the crusade was diverted when the organizers overestimated the numbers joining the expedition.
Who was the real winner of the Fourth Crusade?
- The real winner was Venice, which had instigated the enterprise in the first place; it won part of Constantinople, crucial territories along the east coast of the Adriatic Sea, Negroponte, and various islands in the Aegean Sea.
- With its purchase and conquest of Crete, Venice aimed to dominate the region's trade.
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