The Emergence of Sibling Cultures (600-750) - The Making of Western Europe - Francia
14 important questions on The Emergence of Sibling Cultures (600-750) - The Making of Western Europe - Francia
What did Francia consist of in Europe? What role did it have? Which kingdoms were there now?
- Francia was the major player, a real political entity that dominated what is today France, Belgium, the Netherlands, Luxembourg, and much of Germany.
- In the seventh century, it was divided into three related kingdoms - Neustria, Austrasia, and Burgundy - each of which included parts of a fourth, southern region, Aquitaine. By 700, however, the political distinctions between them were melting, and Francia was becoming one kingdom.
How was Francia ruled?
- The line of Clovis - the Merovingians - ruled these kingdoms.
- The dynasty owed its longevity to biological good fortune and excellent political sense: it allied itself with the major lay aristocrats and ecclesiastical authorities of Gaul - men and women of high status, enormous wealth, and marked local power.
- To that alliance, the kings brought their own sources of power: a skeletal Roman administrative apparatus, family properties, appropriated lands once belonging to the Roman state, and the profits and prestige of leadership in war.
Where was the royal court located and what happened there? Who were its members?
- The royal court was not located in one fixed place but rather was constituted by an elite that moved with the king from one royal estate to another.
- Many of its members were young aristocrats on the rise. They ate together and hunted together (honing their warlike skills). Many of them later became bishops. The most important courtiers had official positions such as royal treasurer. Highest of all was the "mayor of the palace," who controlled access to the king and brokered deals with aristocratic factions.
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Who was Balthild and what did she do?
- Balthild (d.680) served as a regent for her minor sons, when her husband King Clovis II died in 657.
- Meanwhile, she gave generously to churches and monasteries.
How did aristocrats prove their worth?
- Tending to their estates or hunting during their times at home, aristocratic men also regularly led armed retinues to war.
- They proved their worth in the regular taking of booty and rewarded their faithful followers afterwards at generous banquets.
- And they had children. The focus of marriage was procreation, the key to the survival of aristocratic families and the transmission of their property and power.
What was the relationship between churchmen and marriage?
What was the wife's role?
What sort of freedom of action did wives have?
- They had considerable control over their dowries. Some participated in family land transactions: sales, donations, exchanges, and the like.
- Upon the death of their husbands, widows received a portion of the household property.
What is the story behind the inheritance for Burgundofara?
- Although inheritance generally went from fathers to sons, many fathers left bequests to their daughters, who could then dispose of their property as they liked.
- In 632, for example, the nun Burgundofara drew up a will giving to her monastery the land, slaves, vineyards, pastures and forests that her father had given to her.
Who was Saint Columbanus and what did his arrival bring?
- The arrival (c.590) on the Continent of the fierce Irish monastic reformer Saint Columbanus (543-615) marked a new level of association between the world of kings, queens, and aristocrats and the Church.
What did the monasticism of Columbanus mean? What influence did it have?
- Columbanes's brand of monasticism, which stressed exile, devotion, and discipline, made a powerful impact on Merovingian aristocrats.
- They flocked to the monasteries that he established in both Francia and Italy, and they founded new ones on their own lands in the country side.
What was oblation and how did people look at it?
How did Irish and English clerics cultivate private penance?
Why did deepened piety not lead to the persecution of others?
- That was because the Franks were not particularly expansionist in this period. But perhaps more important, there were relatively few "others" within Francia's borders. There were no Jewish communities in Francia.
- The sources mentioning Jews were written not by Jews but by churchmen. For them, the Jews were not a religious group or a people but rather an abstract category against which Christianity could assert its superiority.
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