The Elasticity and Rigidity of Europe - Strengthened Monarchs and Their Adaptations - Scholasticism
7 important questions on The Elasticity and Rigidity of Europe - Strengthened Monarchs and Their Adaptations - Scholasticism
What went hand in hand with widespread lay religiosity?
Why did most merchants and artisans have some literacy?
- They had to read and write to keep accounts, and, increasingly, they owned religious books for their private devotions.
- For that, Books of Hours were most fashionable in France, while Psalters were favored in England.
Who populated the institutions of higher learning?
- Friars populated the institutions of higher learning.
- Franciscans and Dominicans now established convents and churches within cities; their members attended the universities as students, and many went on to become masters.
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Which friars were among the most outstanding of the scholastics?
What did Thomas Aquinas intend to demonstrate? What was his theme?
- Thomas intended to demonstrate the harmony of religious belief and human understanding even though (in his view) faith ultimately surpassed reason in knowing higher truths.
- In his massive Summa Theologiae, written as a sort of textbook for budding theologians, he summed up the natures of man and God and the relations between them.
- His theme was salvation: how human beings had been offered a way back to God even though they were sinful heirs of Adam and Eve. The way entailed belief, virtue, and - crucially - the human capacity to love.
Who first defined the very practical word "capital"? What was the purpose behind the invention of this word?
- It was the spiritual Franciscan Peter Olivi (1248-1298) who first defined the very practical word "capital": wealth with the potential to generate more wealth.
- With this concept, he hoped to reassure merchants when they consulted churchmen in the confessional.
What did John Duns Scotus think?
- The Franciscan John Duns Scotus (1265/1266-1308) cast doubt on the possibilities of human reason.
- Like Bonaventure, he argued that even the most erudite could know truth only by divine illumination.
- But unlike Bonaventure, he argued that this illumination came not as a matter of course but only when God chose to intervene.
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