The Emergence of Sibling Cultures (600-750) - The Making of Western Europe - Italy
7 important questions on The Emergence of Sibling Cultures (600-750) - The Making of Western Europe - Italy
What was the religion of Italy?
- Although many Lombards were Catholics, others, including important kings and dukes, were Arians.
- The "official" religion varied with the ruler in power.
- Rather than signal a major political event, then, the conversion of the Lombards to Catholic Christianity occurred gradually, ending only in the late seventh century.
What advantages did Lombard kings have?
- They controlled extensive estates, and they made use of the Roman institutions that survived in Italy. The kings made the cities their administrative bases, assigning dukes to rule from them and designating Pavia as their capital.
- Recalling emperors like Constantine and Justinian, the Lombard kings maintained city walls and roads and issued law codes.
What did the Lombards do about their cities?
- The cities taken over by the Lombards were no longer commercially active, even though the urban centers of Byzantine Italy (the narrow strip running from Ravenna to Rome) were still alive with trade.
- The Lombards also allowed Roman houses and apartment blocks to crumble, their places to be taken by burial plots and vegetable gardens.
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In what two monuments from the period is the influence of both classical Roman and "barbarian" or at least "provincial" artistic sensibilities in Lombard Italy clear?
- The alter of King Ratchis (r.744-749) from the church of San Giovanni at Cividale del Friuli
- Carved figures in Cividale's Tempietto (i.e., small temple).
- Both probably date from the eighth century (though the Tempietto's date may be later), and both involve religious themes.
What is the difference in style for the Tempietto?
What Lombard centers boasted artistic activity?
What does the importance of both classical and Roman provincial styles suggest?
- The importance of both classical and Roman provincial styles in Lombard Italy suggests that the elites there welcomed artists not only from Europe but also from the Byzantine and Islamic worlds.
- This is not surprising, since Byzantium ran through the middle of Italy, while the Umayyad caliphs, not far from Sicily and Southern Italy, were themselves enthralled with Romano-Byzantine traditions, as we saw in the case of their mosque at Damascus.
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