Ambitions Realized and Thwarted (1150-1250) - The Islamic World Reshaped - The Ever-Expanding Empire of the Mongols
9 important questions on Ambitions Realized and Thwarted (1150-1250) - The Islamic World Reshaped - The Ever-Expanding Empire of the Mongols
Where were the Mongols in 1200?
How did Chinggis Khan built a tribe?
- Although Chinggis Khan (c.1162-1227) was of a relatively obscure lineage and given the modest name Temüjin ("blacksmith") at birth, he built up a super-tribe by relying on loyal "companions" (nökers), no matter their origin.
- In 1206, by a combination of ferocity, generosity, savvy alliances, luck, and charisma, he managed to subsume all the region's tribes under his sole role and was granted a brand-new title - Chinggis Khan.
What did Chinggis Khan do to Mongolian institutions?
- In his super-tribe, every male from age 6 to 60 was deemed a soldier. The army was organized in groups of 10, 100, 1000, and 10000 men. They were led not by traditional tribal chiefs but by the Khan's nökers. An elite corps of 10000 personal bodyguards were magnificently equipped and armed.
- Meanwhile, Chinggis set up a new judicial apparatus and instituted record-keeping by making use of the Uighur script.
- Over time he developed a veritable writing office to record his edicts in Chinese, Persian, Uighur, and Mongolian.
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What did victory bring? What justified conquests?
- Victory brought huge economic gains - in the short term from booty, and over the long term from tribute, taxes,, and control over trade routes.
- Religious fervor justified these conquests: Chinggis claimed the powers of a shaman and proclaimed Heaven's mandate that the Mongols should rule the world.
What did the Mongols conquer by Chinggis Khan's death?
Where lies the origins of the Black Death? What does this hypothesis rely on?
- The new thinking locates its origins in the thirteenth century, when the Mongols were attacking and then occupying regions abutting the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau.
- This hypothesis relies on the fruitful synergy of modern scientists and historians.
- Recent studies by modern geneticists of ancient DNA samples of the bacterium that causes plague, Yersinia pestis, strongly suggest that it suddenly evolved into four strains between 1142 and 1339.
- This multifurcation took place on or near the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, and one of the stains that it produced caused the Black Death.
What did Robert Hymes say?
What did Monica Green say about the Yersinia pestis?
What were the Mongols in the transmission of the bacterias?
- The Mongols, who cooked marmot meat and used its skin for fur as well as for a warm and rainproof leather - used also, just possibly, for their armor - were unwritting vectors for the transmission of this disease from animals to humans, from the mountains to men on the move, and from them to those whom they conquered.
- Taken together, the evidence strongly hints that the Black Death began in the aftermath of the Mongol sieges of Jin China between 1218 and 1232 and of Baghdad a quarter century later.
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