The Emergence of Sibling Cultures (600-750) - The Rise of the "best community": Islam - The Shaping of Islam
19 important questions on The Emergence of Sibling Cultures (600-750) - The Rise of the "best community": Islam - The Shaping of Islam
Where did pre-Islamic Arabia lay?
What was the population like in Arabia?
- Most of its land supported Bedouin pastoralists (the word "Arab" is derived from the most prestigious of these, the camel-herders).
- By far the majority was sedentary.
- To the southwest, where rain was adequate, farmers worked the soil. Elsewhere people settled at oases, where they raised date palms, highly prized for their fruit.
- Some of these communities were prosperous enough to support merchants and artisans.
How did the pastoralists live?
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How developed was the culture of the tribes of Arabia?
- By the time of Muhammad, the prophet of Islam, the tribes of Arabia had a well-developed literary as well as oral culture.
- Poetry was much honored (and remains so to this day); multipurpose, the ode alone (there were many other forms of poetry) could praise, mock, lament, and wax nostalgic.
- Most poets were "publicists" for their tribe, advertising its virtues. A few were appreciated even beyond Arabia.
Among which people did Islam gain support?
Where did Islam arise?
What kind of place was Mecca (besides a commercial center)?
- Mecca was a holy place. Its shrine, the Ka'ba, was rimmed with the images of hundreds of gods.
- Within its sacred precincts, where war and violence were prohibited, pilgrims bartered and traded.
What was Muhammad's life like before he wanted something more?
- Muhammad was born in Mecca.
- Orphaned as a child, he came under the guardianship of his uncle, a leader of the Quraysh tribe that dominated Mecca and controlled access to the Ka'ba.
- Muhammad became a trader, married, had children, and seemed comfortable and happy.
What insight did Muhammad get during his retreats in the beginning around 610?
- God - one God (the Arabic word for God is Allah) - was the key, and God's command was to "recite."
- "In the Name of God the Compassionate the Caring / Recite in the name of your lord who created - / From an embryo created the human / Recite your lord is all-giving."
What happened to Muhammad's recitations of God's words?
- His recitations of God's words were written down on scraps of parchment and elsewhere by Muhammad's companions.
- Once arranged - a process that was certainly completed by the mid-seventh century - the God's recitations became the Qur'an, the holy book of Islam.
- It is understood to be God's revelation as told to Muhammad by the angel Gabriel, and then recited in turn by Muhammad to others.
What does the Qur'an cover for Muslims?
What did Islam bring to women?
- Banning infanticide, Islam gave girls and women new dignity.
- It allowed for polygyny, but limited it to four wives at one time, all to be treated equally.
- It mandated dowries (the husband's monetary obligation to the bride) and offered females some inheritance rights.
What are the three essential social facts in Islam?
- The individual, God, and the ummah, the community of the faithful.
- There are no intermediaries between the divine and human realms, no priests, Eucharist, icons, or relics.
What are the five pillars of Islam?
- The zakat, a tax to be used for charity.
- Ramadan, a month of fasting and self-restraint.
- The hajj, an annual pilgrimage to Mecca to be made at least once in a believer's lifetime.
- The salat, formal worship at least three times a day (later increased to five)
- The shahadah, or profession of faith: "There is no god but God, and Muhammad is His prophet."
What was the early believers' idea of the righteous life?
- The early believers' idea of the righteous life included living in the world, marrying, and having children.
- For them, virtue meant mindfulness of God in all things. They could permit themselves moderate - though not excessive - pleasure in God's bounty.
- Their notions of righteousness did not call for asceticism.
Where was Muhammad's message welcome?
- At Mecca, where Quraysh tribal interests were bound up with the Ka'ba and its many gods, Muhammad's message was unwelcome.
- But it was greeted with enthusiasm at Medina, an oasis about 200 miles to the northeast of Mecca. Feuding tribes there invited Muhammad to join them and arbitrate their disputes.
What is the Hijra? What were the implications of the Hijra?
- The Hijra is Muhammad's flight from Mecca to Medina.
- There he became not only a religious but also a secular leader. This joining of the political and religious spheres set the pattern for Islamic government thereafter.
- After Muhammad's death, the year of the Hijra, 622, became the year 1 of the Islamic calendar, marking the establishment of the Islamic era.
Over which three groups did Muhammad consolidate his leadership over?
How did Muhammad establish control over the Jews, Meccans and pastoralists?
- He killed the Jewish clans of the city.
- He fought a series of battles against the Meccans; the battle of Badr (624), waged against a Meccan caravan, marked the first Islamic military victory. After several other campaigns, Muhammad triumphed and took over Mecca in 630, offering leniency to most of its inhabitants, who in turn converted to Islam.
- Muhammad allied himself with numerous Bedouin groups, adding their contingents to his army.
- Warfare was thus integrated into the new religion as a part of their duty of Muslims to strive in the ways of God.
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