The Emergence of Sibling Cultures (600-750) - The Making of Western Europe - The British Isles
15 important questions on The Emergence of Sibling Cultures (600-750) - The Making of Western Europe - The British Isles
Who arrived in Britain after c.410?
- After c.410, when the Romans pulled out of Britain, Germanic-speaking families from Saxony and elsewhere arrived piecemeal, settling on Britain's east coast as farmers.
- Irish immigrants gradually settled in the west. Celtic polities survived in Scotland, Ireland, and Wales.
How was Post-Roman England called?
Why is the label Anglo-Saxon problematic?
- The label is now problematic because in the United States it has been confounded with a mythical race, white and pure. These words have been put to dishonest use.
- There was no Anglo-Saxon "tradition" because there was no one sort of Anglo-Saxon - nor one Anglo-Saxon culture. Diversity and kaleidoscopic change are the key terms for understanding the historical reality of early medieval England.
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What was the culture of medieval England like in the eighth century? Were they Christian?
- The monk-historian Bede portrayed this amalgated culture as utterly pagan: early medieval England was, in his words, "a barbarous, fierce, and unbelieving nation."
- But the story that archaeology tells is more nuanced: holy sites dedicated to the saints established during the Roman occupation remained magnets long afterward for pilgrimage, burial and settlement.
- Most, perhaps all, of the British Isles remained Christian. Wales was already Christian when, in the course of the fifth century, missionaries converted Ireland and Scotland.
How was Christianity organised in post-Roman Britain?
- Post-Roman Britain's Christianity was decentralized and local. Wales, Ireland, and Scotland supported relatively non-hierarchical Church organizations.
- Rural monasteries normally served as the seats of bishoprics as well as centers of population and settlement.
- Abbots and abbesses, often members of powerful families, enjoyed considerable power and prestige.
When did the Roman Catholic brand of Christianity arrive in the British Isles? Who initiated it?
- At the end of the sixth century (597) the Roman Catholic brand of Christianity arrived in the British Isles to compete with the diverse forms already flourishing there.
- The initiative came from Pope Gregory the Great who sent the monk Augustine to the court of King Ethelbert of Kent (d.616) to convert him.
What is the story behind the conversion of King Ethelbert of Kent?
- According to Bede, Ethelbert was a pagan. Yet he was married to.a Christian Frankish princess, and he welcomed the missionaries kindly.
- While he refused to convert, the king did give the missionaries housing and material support.
What did monk Augustine have in mind? What did he do?
- Augustine had in mind more than the conversion of the king, he wanted to set up an English Church on the Roman model, with ties to the pope and a clear hierarchy.
- Successful in his work of evangelization, he divided England into territorial units (dioceses) headed by an archbishop and bishops.
- Augustine himself became the first archbishop of Canterbury. There he constructed the model English ecclesiastical complex: a cathedral, a monastery, and a school to train young clerics.
What happened at the Synod of Whitby?
- The old and the new Christian traditions clashed over matters as large as the organization of the Church and as seemingly small as the date of Easter. A turning point came at the Synod of Whitby, organized in 664 by the Northumbrian king Oswy to decide between the Roman and Celtic dates.
- When Oswy became convinced that Rome spoke with the very voice of Saint Peter, the heavenly doorkeeper, he opted for the Roman calculation of the date of Easter and embraced the Roman Church as a whole.
What did Benedict Biscop do in Rome?
- In the wake of Whitby, Benedict Biscop, a Northumbrian aristocrat-turned-abbot and founder of two important English monasteries, Wearmouth and Jarrow, made numerous arduous trips to Rome.
- He brought back books, saints' relics, liturgical vestments, and even a cantor to teach his monks the proper - the Roman - melodies in a time before written musical notation existed.
What did English monk Wynfrith do?
- The English monk Wynfrith (672/675-754) went to Rome to get a papal commission to preach to people living east of the Rhine.
- Though they were already Christian, their brand of Christianity was not Roman enough for Wynfrith, who signaled his own "Roman" identiy by changing his name to Boniface.
What did the artists of the British Isles like?
What did the books of Benedict Bishop contain?
- When Benedict Bishop returned to England with books from Italy, they challenged scribes and artists to combine traditions.
- The imported books contained not only texts but also illustrations that relied at least distantly, on late antique Roman artistic forms.
What languages were used in the British Isles?
- Just as the people of the British Isles valued their traditional artistic styles, so too did they retain their native languages.
- In Ireland, the vernacular was turned into a written language known as Old Irish under the influence of Latin.
- In England, the vernacular was Old English (sometimes also known as Anglo-Saxon), and it was employed in every aspect of English life, from government to entertainment.
What did Bede write? What did he think of the vernacular?
- Bede, a master of Latin, praised the common speech of the people, telling the story of Caedmon, a simple monk who dreamed a song in Old English about God's creation.
- Bede himself provided only a Latin translation of the poem in his Ecclesiastical History, but vernacular versions were soon available. Indeed, two manuscripts of Bede's work from the eighth century still survive today with Caedmon's hymn in both Latin and Old English.
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