Ambitions Realized and Thwarted (1150-1250) - The Islamic World Reshaped - The Rise of Saladin
7 important questions on Ambitions Realized and Thwarted (1150-1250) - The Islamic World Reshaped - The Rise of Saladin
What happened to the east of the Maghreb?
Who is the Jazira? What did they become?
- The Jazira is the upper half of the hourglass formed by the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers - to become a center of wealth.
- Caravans and armies passed through the region, enriching local elites, some of whom began to pick away at the Crusader States.
What did Zangi conquer? How did he get his military training?
- Zangi, a young protégé of the ruler of Mosul, got his military training at the Crusader States.
- When he himself became lord of Mosul (r.1127-1146), he continued his forays, conquering the city of Edessa in 1144.
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What did Zangi's son conquer?
- Zangi's son Nur al-Din (r.1146-1174) continued in his father's footsteps.
- He occupied the entire territory east of the Orontes River and absorbed the whole County of Edessa; in 1154 he seized Damascus and began to consolidate his ruler over all of Syria.
Who are the Ayyubids? What did they do?
- Conquests of Nur al-Din were aided by a Kurdish family of warriors known as the Ayyubids, after Ayyub, the name of its patriarch.
- Already in Zangi's service in Mosul, Ayyub, his brother Shirkuh, and his son Saladin aided Nur al-Din's progressive domination of the region.
- Called upon to resolve a dispute over the Fatimid vizierate in Egypt, Nur al-Din took advantage of the opportunity by sending Shirkuh and Saladin to lead expeditions there.
What did Shirkuh do in 1169? What happened after his death?
- In 1169, without formally deposing the Fatimid caliph, Shirkuh took over the powerful position of the Egyptian vizier in the name of Nur al-Din.
- Shortly thereafter, when Shirkuh died, Saladin succeeded him and began to return Egypt to the Sunni fold.
What did Saladin's empire prove to be?
- Saladin's empire proved to be a fragile creation.
- Men from within the army, the Mamluks, competed with the Ayyubids for the sultanate, and in 1260, after defeating the seemingly unstoppable Mongols at Ain Jalut (a stone's throw after Jerusalem), the Mamluks established themselves as rulers of Egypt and Syria.
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