Summary: Path

Read the summary and the most important questions on Path

• 1 Lecture 1

• 1.1.3 Mechanisms

• Mechanisms of Cell Injury

  1. ATP depletion (hypoxia/anoxia, toxins)
  2. Permeabilization of cell membranes (hypoxia/anoxia, ROS and free radicals)
  3. Disruption of biochemical pathways, esp protein synthesis (hypoxia, anoxia, ROS)
  4. Damage to DNA
  - Endogenous: ROS, replication errors
  - Exogenous: UV light, radiation, certain plant toxins, viruses

• 1.2.2 Regulated vs Accidental

  This is a preview. There are 2 more flashcards available for chapter 1.2.2
  Show more cards here

• Regulated Cell Death

  Regulated cell death (RCD)
  - Relies on dedicated molecular machinery requiring ATP, it is intentional and causes an activation of caspases after it is triggered.
  - Caspases are a family of protease enzymes (cysteine-aspartic proteases) that act as the master regulators of programmed cell death (apoptosis) and inflammation

• Accidental Cell Death

  Exposure to harsh environmental conditions
  - Uncontrolled, instantaneous demise of cells = oncotic necrosis
  
  Nature of severe insults
  - Physical (e.g. High pressure, temp, osmotic forces)
  - Chemical (e.g. Extreme pH variation)
  - Mechanical (e.g. Sheer forces)

• 1.2.3 Morphology

  This is a preview. There are 3 more flashcards available for chapter 1.2.3
  Show more cards here

• Nuclear morphology in cell death

  1. Pyknosis: Shrunken DARK BLUE (hyperchromatic) nucleus
  2. Karyorrhexis: fragmentation of the nucleus
  3. Karyolysis: dissolution or 'fading away' of the nucleus

• 1.3 Substance Accumulation

  This is a preview. There are 2 more flashcards available for chapter 1.3
  Show more cards here

• Substance Accumulation: What is it?

  Build up of intracellular or extracellular substance
  - Endogenous (water, lipid, glycogen, protein, carb, melanin)
  - Exogenous (infectious agents, pollution/dust, carotenoid)
  - Either (calcium, metal ions)

• 1.3.3 Examples

  This is a preview. There are 4 more flashcards available for chapter 1.3.3
  Show more cards here

• Hematogenous pigments in parasites

  Hemoglobin -> Heme --(oxidation)--> Hematin --(biocrystallization)--> Hemozoin

• Hematogenous pigments in non-parasites

  Hemoglobin -> Heme -> Protoporphyrin -> Biliverdin <-> Bilirubin
  
  OR
  
  Hemoglobin -> Heme -> Protoporphyrin -> Biliverdin --(Low O2)--> Hematoidin (can become biliverdin again)
  
  OR 
  
  Hemoglobin -> Heme -> Iron -> Hemosiderin

• 3 Lecture 3

• 3.1 Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation (DIC)

  This is a preview. There are 2 more flashcards available for chapter 3.1
  Show more cards here

• What is the sequelae of DIC?

  Multiorgan dysfunction/failure and consumptive coagulopathy (bleeding)

• 3.2.1 Mechanisms

• What are the mechanisms of tissue oxygen deprivation?

  1. Inadequate oxygenation of blood
  - cardiac or respiratory failure
  
  2. Inadequate oxygen carrying capacity of blood
  - carbon monoxide toxicosis
  
  3. Inadequate delivery of blood to tissue and reduction in perfusion = ischemia
  - vascular occlusion, vasospasm, shock
  
  4. Inhibition of cellular respiratory enzymes
  - cyanide toxicosis

• 3.3 Ischemia

  This is a preview. There are 7 more flashcards available for chapter 3.3
  Show more cards here

• What are the factors influencing the outcome of ischemia?

  1. Health status
  - Cardiovascular disease
  - Anemia
  
  2. Tissue
  - Type
  - Presence of collateral circulation
  - Prior perfusion and vitality
  
  3. Duration
  
  4. Speed of development
  - Thrombosis vs thromboembolism
  
  5. Cell type and degree of metabolic activity
  
  6. Venous vs arterial occlusion
  
  7. Reperfusion