Summary: Physiology: Endocrine

Read the summary and the most important questions on Physiology: Endocrine

• 1 Lecture 1: Homeostasis

• 1.1 What is it?

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• What happens when there is homeostatic imbalance?

  Disturbance resulting in stress/disease

• 1.2 How is it controlled?

• How is the internal environment controlled?

  Sensory: monitoring of blood composition
  Response: responding to changes in blood composition

• What are the different actors in homeostasis?

  Sensor, integrator, effector

• What are the internal communication methods for homeostasis?

  1. Nervous system: synaptic transmission, rapid
  2. Endocrine system: chemical transmission, rapid or slow

• 1.3 Classes of hormones

• What makes a chemical a hormone?

  Hormones exert their effects on specific target cells (TC) by interacting with receptor proteins

• 1.3.1 Nature

• What are the different classes of hormones?

  1. Amino acid derivatives (epinephrine, melatonin, thyroxine)
  2. Peptides (hypothalamic hormones, insulin)
  3. Proteins (growth hormone, prolactin)
  4. Steroids (glucocorticoids, mineralocorticoids, gonadal steroids)

• 1.3.2 Secretion

• What are the different modes of hormone secretion?

  1. Endocrine
  2. Paracrine
  3. Autocrine

• 1.4 Hormone receptors

• Where are the receptors for most hormones found?

  Plasma membrane of target cells

• Where are the receptors for steroid/thyroid hormones found?

  Cytoplasm/nucleus of target cells

• 1.4.1 G-protein

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• What do G-protein linked receptors use?

  Adenylate cyclase cAMP, phospholipase C and Ca2+