Read the summary and the most important questions on Arts and Culture: Pearson New International Edition An Introduction to the Humanities | 9781292051925 | Janetta Rebold Benton; Robert DiYanni

• 1 Renaissance and Mannerism in Italy

• 1.1 Early Renaissance

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• The transition from Middle Ages to the Renaissance was gradual. Intense Religiosity persisted, but came to coexist with (name 2):

  • A more worldly philosophy.
    
  • A more secular outlook.

• Which broad changes were developed during the Renaissance?(name 4).

  • The development of Nation States.
    
  • Advent of commercial capitalism.
  • Emergence of the middle class.
  • Rise of Rationalists thoughts.

• What were the most important scientific and technological developments of the Renaissance?

  • Developments in navigation abetted to European explorations of the Americas and Asia. 
    
  • Invention of the movable type allowed for printing and expanding of the world learning. 

• What does the term "classical humanism" entail?

  Classical learning based on writings of the Greeks & Romans in Europe. 
  Happened during the Renaissance and started first in Italy.

• 1.1.1 The Medicis' Florence

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• What was the role of Florence in the renaissance.

  • In the beginning of the Renaissance Florence had become the center of trade in Europe.
  • Originally ruled by its guilds, Florence' rule was seized by the Medici family half 15th century

• Who was Cosimo de' Medici?

  • Cosimo de' Medici (1389-1464) was the head of  the Medici family during the Early Renaissance.
    
  • Son of Giovanni Di Bicci de Medici, who laid the foundation of the Medicis' wealth.
  • "He is king in everything but name" - Pope Pius II (1458).
  • Opened a public library in Florence with classical literature.
  • Was obsessed with Plato and Aristotle. 
  • Employed virtually every major Italian artist, architect, writer, philosopher and scholar of the day.
  • Under his rule Florence grew in wealth and increased sophistication of its citizenery which resulted in an atmosphere where arts could thrive

• Who was Lorenzo the Magnificent?

  • Lorenzo de Medici (1449-1492) was the grandson of Cosimo and the  family head who could realize Florence's dream of reaching the heights of the golden age of Athens. 
  • Nicknamed 'Lorenzo the Magnificent'.
  • Leading poet of the day and musician. 
  • Didn't like paintings as much as gemstones, where he invested most in.
  • Spend so much money on art and gemstones that brought the Medici bank in financial peril at the end of his rule. 

• The humanists Cosimo and Lorenzo de Medici worked hard to make Florence the humanist center of the world. How did they accomplish this?

  They returned to the culture of the classical antiquity, that was seen by humanists as the "golden wisdom" (Petrarch).

• 1.1.2 The Humanist Spirit

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• Although humanists believed that the responsibility of one's actions lies solely in the hands of the human himself, it doesn't mean that humanists rejected God. Can you explain?

  Humanists believed that if you do the right things you could move to the divine (heaven).

• 1.1.3 Platonic Academy of Philosophy

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• What was the Platonic Academy of Philosophy?

  • The Platonic Academy of Philosophy was a university in Florence ,that was the center of humanists study.
    
  • Founded by Cosimo de' Medici, and supported by his grandson Lorenzo.
  • The Academy's philosophy was that of Neoplatonism.